Apple (520, 520c, 540, 540c Getting Started Manual

the power cord that came with your PowerBook. Step 1 Plug the power adapter into a grounded outlet Plugging in the power adapter recharges the computer’s batteries. You should plug in the power adapter in case the battery has drained during shipping or storage. The only way to disconnect power from your computer is by unplugging the power adapter. Make sure the power adapter can be easily disconnected. m Plug one end of the power cord into the power adapter and the other end into a three- hole grounded outlet or power strip. WARNING Use only the power adapter that came with your PowerBook. Adapters for other electronic devices (including other portable computers) may look similar, but they may damage your computer. 1 Follow the steps in this chapter to set up your PowerBook and to learn about turning your computer on and off. 1 Setting Up Your PowerBook

m Plug the power adapter cable into the power adapter port (marked with the icon ¯) on the back panel of the computer. Power adapter port WARNING This equipment is intended to be electrically grounded. Your PowerBook is equipped with a three-wire grounding plug—a plug that has a third (grounding) pin. This plug will fit only a grounded AC outlet. This is a safety feature. If you are unable to insert the plug into the outlet, contact a licensed electrician to replace the outlet with a properly grounded outlet. Do not defeat the purpose of the grounding plug! 2 Chapter 1

m Press the latch and lift up the display. Position the display at a comfortable viewing angle. You can adjust the angle of the display at any time by tilting it towards or away from you. Press the latch to release the lid. Floppy disk drive Power On key 3 Setting Up Your PowerBook

m Press the Power On key (marked with the icon I) at the upper right of the keyboard to turn the computer on. You should hear a tone when you turn on the computer. It takes the computer a moment to start up. When you see something like this on your screen, the computer is ready to use: Note: Your screen should look very similar to this picture but it might not look exactly the same. I Power On key 4 Chapter 1

m The computer made a sound, but you can’t see anything on the screen. Use the brightness control (marked with the icon ¤) and contrast control (O) until an image appears and the screen is easy to read. m Nothing happened when you pressed the Power On key (marked with the icon I) . Make sure the power adapter is firmly connected to both the computer and a power source. If the power adapter is plugged into a power strip, make sure the power strip is plugged in and turned on. Then try pressing I again. m You see a blinking question mark icon on the screen. This icon means that you need to install system software on the computer’s hard disk. System software includes the programs the computer uses to start itself up. You received a set of system software disks in the box with your computer. For instructions on installing system software, see Appendix A. What to do next m New Macintosh users: If you have never used a Macintosh computer before, go to Chapter 2 now to learn how to use your PowerBook. Then go to Chapter 4 for important health and safety instructions. For help turning your PowerBook off, or putting your PowerBook to sleep, come back to this chapter once you have learned to use your PowerBook. m New PowerBook users: If you have used other Macintosh computers but are new to the PowerBook, read the rest of this chapter for instructions on turning the PowerBook off and putting the PowerBook to sleep. Then go to Chapter 2 to learn about using the trackpad and to Chapter 5 to learn about using the Control Strip. Make sure you read Chapter 4 for important health and safety instructions. m Experienced PowerBook users: Go to Chapter 2 to learn about using the trackpad, then skim this book for information about your new PowerBook. Important health and safety instructions are in Chapter 4. 5 Setting Up Your PowerBook

When the PowerBook is off, the computer is not using any power or doing any work. The terms shut down and off both refer to this state. m If the computer is on, choose Shut Down from the Special menu. m If the computer is in sleep, wake it by pressing any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock), and then choose Shut Down. m If a problem with the computer prevents you from choosing Shut Down, you can turn off the computer by holding down the Control, Option, x (Command), and Power On (I) keys at the same time. This turns off the power and you will lose any unsaved work. Use this key combination only if you cannot choose Shut Down or Restart from the Special menu. Putting the PowerBook to sleep When the PowerBook is in sleep, it has a darkened screen, is almost totally inactive, but appears to be off. To put the computer to sleep: m Choose the Sleep command from the Special menu. (The computer must be on in order for you to put it to sleep.) Note: A green light flashes at the top of the display when your computer is in sleep. 6 Chapter 1

automatically (unless you change the sleep preferences). This conserves battery power. To wake the computer, press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock). The screen will reappear as it was before the computer went to sleep. For more information on sleep and automatic sleep, see Chapter 6. Restarting a computer that’s already on You need to restart your computer—turn it off and back on again immediately—when you want to make certain changes to settings, use a newly installed system software file, or start up the computer using a different disk. You also need to restart if you see a “system error” message on the screen (indicating a temporary software problem). In this case, use the trackpad to click the Restart button that appears. To restart your computer: m Choose Restart from the Special menu. When you choose Restart, the computer prompts you to save your work, closes all open programs, and restarts itself. Choosing Restart does not affect your RAM disk (if you created one) or its contents. 7 Setting Up Your PowerBook

O Contrast control Elevation feet ¯ Power adapter port g SCSI port (HDI-30) V Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port ≈ Sound input port - Sound output port [ W Modem/Printer port ™ Video port G Ethernet port / Security slot Power On key Modem port (optional) Battery Floppy disk drive Sleep indicator Trackpad Trackpad button

Go through the exercises in this chapter to learn how to use your computer and the computer’s trackpad. Your computer comes with a tutorial that teaches you the basics. The tutorial is divided into two parts: m Part 1 You start the Macintosh Basics tour on your computer, which presents the basic skills you need to master. m Part 2 After you complete the Macintosh Basics tour, you return to this chapter to practice what you learned. You also learn some additional skills. If you’ve never used a Macintosh computer before, you should complete both parts of the tutorial. If you are an experienced Macintosh user, you’ll want to learn how to use the trackpad in the first part of the Macintosh Basics tour. Then you may want to look over the rest of this book to learn about special features of this computer. As you work with your Macintosh, consult the Macintosh Reference book for answers to questions about the system software that came with your computer. IMPORTANT If you need to turn off your computer at any point before finishing the tutorial, please see “Turning the PowerBook Off” in Chapter 1.

Your Macintosh Basics tour is on the hard disk that’s inside your computer. To take the tour, follow these steps: Make sure your computer is turned on. If the screen is dark, try adjusting the screen (see “Problems Turning On Your Computer?” in Chapter 1) until you see words and small pictures on your screen. 1 Move your finger on the trackpad to move the arrow pointer around on the screen. Place your index finger on the trackpad and your thumb on the trackpad button. Don’t press the trackpad button yet. Move your finger across the trackpad, watching the arrow on the screen. Notice that the arrow moves in the same direction as you move your finger on the trackpad. Trackpad Trackpad button 10 Chapter 2

you move your finger over the pad. The trackpad is sensitive to not only the direction you move your finger, but also to how fast you move your finger. If you want the pointer to move a short distance across the screen, you move your finger slowly across the trackpad. The faster you move your finger across the pad, the farther the pointer moves on the screen. Tips for using the trackpad For best results when using the trackpad: m Use your index finger (left or right hand). Use only one finger. m Use only your finger on the trackpad. Do not use a pen or any other object. m If you think that the trackpad needs to be more or less responsive to your touch, you can adjust the speed in the Trackpad control panel. See “Adjusting the Trackpad” in Chapter 7 for help using the Trackpad control panel. m Extend your PowerBook’s elevation feet when it is placed on a desktop. This gives your fingers better access to the keyboard and makes it easier to use the tip of your finger on the surface of the trackpad. m Adjust the height of your chair so you are seated comfortably and at a safe distance from the desk. For more information, see “Arranging Your Work Area and Equipment” in Chapter 4. m Sometimes humidity or condensation may cause moisture to gather on the trackpad. If this happens, gently wipe the trackpad with a clean cloth before you use it. 11 Learning to Use Your Computer

The Control Strip is the line of pictures at the lower left of your screen. You’ll learn more about the Control Strip in Chapter 5. 3 Move your finger on the trackpad so that the tip of the arrow is on the tab at the far end of the Control Strip. 4 Being careful not to move your finger on the trackpad, press the button once. The Control Strip closes and only the tab appears at the lower left of the screen. 12 Chapter 2 The Control Strip

“Macintosh HD.” Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture, not over the words “Macintosh HD.” 6 Being careful not to move your finger on the trackpad, press the button twice in quick succession. (This is called “double-clicking.”) Now your screen should look like the illustration following step 7. The items in the illustration below may not exactly match those on your screen. The only item you need right now is the Macintosh Basics folder. If the screen doesn’t look right, try steps 5 and 6 again, paying special attention to the following: m Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it. m Be sure to press the trackpad button twice. m Press twice quickly and be careful not to move your finger on the trackpad while you press. 13 Learning to Use Your Computer Move the arrow so that it is on top of this picture.

labeled “Macintosh Basics.” 8 Being careful not to move your finger on the trackpad, press the button twice in quick succession. Now your screen should look like the following illustration: 14 Chapter 2 Move the arrow so that it is on top of this picture.

“Macintosh Basics.” 10 Press the trackpad button twice in quick succession. Now your screen should look like the following picture: If you don’t see this screen, try again, paying special attention to the following: m Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it. m Be sure to press the trackpad button twice. m Press twice quickly and be careful not to move your finger on the trackpad while you press. 11 Follow the instructions on the screen and work through the tour. When you finish the tour, continue with the rest of this chapter. 15 Learning to Use Your Computer Move the arrow so that it is on top of this picture.

You should now have completed the Macintosh Basics tour. The second part of your training gives you an opportunity to think about what you’ve learned so far and to practice your new skills. Reviewing what you’ve learned Before continuing, take a few moments to answer these questions. They will help you summarize the information you learned in Macintosh Basics. You may want to write (or circle) your answers as appropriate. The correct answers are in the next section of this chapter. If you have any trouble answering the questions, look in Chapter 3, “Basic Skills.” Question: What is the name of the area where you do all your work? (It’s shown below.) Answer:____________________________________________ 16 Chapter 2

shown below. Answer:____________________________________________ Circle the hard disk window in the illustration below. 17 Learning to Use Your Computer What is the name for these pictures on the Macintosh desktop?

Question: Circle the active window on the desktop below. How do you make a window active? Answer:____________________________________________ 18 Chapter 2

Answer:____________________________________________ Question: How do you throw an item away? Answer:____________________________________________ Label the parts of this window. 19 Learning to Use Your Computer A. B. C. D. E.

These are the answers to the summary that you completed earlier. Question: What is the area called where you do all your work? Answer: the desktop Question: What are pictures called on the Macintosh desktop? Answer: icons Circle the hard disk window in the illustration below. Circle the hard disk icon in the illustration below.

make a window active? Answer: by clicking anywhere inside of it Question: Which menu is the Save command in? Answer: the File menu Question: How do you throw an item away? Answer: by dragging it to the Trash and choosing Empty Trash from the Special menu Label the parts of this window. 21 Learning to Use Your Computer A. The close box B. The title bar C. A scroll arrow D. The scroll bar E. The size box

practicing your skills using real programs that came with your computer, rather than the sample ones in Macintosh Basics. IMPORTANT If you get lost at any point during the practice session, or if something unexpected happens, please turn to “Clues on Your Screen” in this chapter. These tips will help you get back on track. 1: Creating a new document 1 Open the hard disk icon and then open the SimpleText program, as shown below. 22 Chapter 2 1 Double-click the hard disk icon to open it. 2 If a window with the name of your hard disk doesn’t appear, click the disk icon again twice. 3 To open the SimpleText program, double-click the SimpleText icon. When the SimpleText program opens, a window appears with “Untitled” in the title bar. This is your blank document.

It doesn’t matter what you type. If you make an error, press the Delete key to backspace over the incorrect letters, then retype. 3 Choose the Save command from the File menu to save your new document. When you save a document, you are storing it on the hard disk. You need to save every document you create. If you don’t save it, the document is lost when you turn off the computer. A box like the one in the next step appears, with the word “Untitled” near the bottom. This box lets you name and save your document. 23 Learning to Use Your Computer Type text in the blank document. Choose Save from the File menu.

Save. The name you type should replace the word “Untitled” in the box. If it doesn’t, place the pointer to the left of the U in “Untitled,” then press the trackpad button and drag across the word. When “Untitled” is highlighted (the text is surrounded with a black box), type the new name. After you click Save, a copy of your document is stored on the hard disk in your computer. The new name appears in the title bar of the document. 24 Chapter 2 Type the name of your document to replace “Untitled.” Click Save to save your Practice File on the hard disk. The name of your document appears in the title bar.

The SimpleText program closes, along with your document. 6 Check for the file you saved in the hard disk window. You should see the icon for the document you saved in the hard disk window. If your Practice File icon doesn’t appear, it may be in a hidden part of the window. You can scroll through the window to find the icon if you need to. That’s the end of the first exercise. You may want to take a break before you continue. 25 Learning to Use Your Computer Choose Quit from the File menu to quit your program. If you don’t see your document, click the arrows to scroll through the window. Here’s the new file you just created.

You can organize your work on the Macintosh by creating folders and storing your documents inside of them. 1 Choose New Folder from the File menu. A folder icon named “untitled folder” appears in the active window on the desktop. 2 Without clicking anywhere, type “My Work” to name the folder. Notice that the words “untitled folder” are highlighted and boxed. That means the name you type will replace these words. 26 Chapter 2 The new name of your folder appears here. A new folder icon appears in the hard disk window.

Move the pointer to the Practice File. Then press and hold down the button while you move the Practice File to the folder named “My Work.” When the tip of the pointer is on the folder icon and the folder becomes highlighted, release the button. 4 Open the folder named “My Work.” You open a folder the same way you open any icon: double-click it, or click it once and choose Open from the File menu. The “My Work” folder window opens, and you can see your Practice File. You have now completed the second practice exercise. You may want to take a break before continuing. 27 Learning to Use Your Computer Move the pointer to this icon. Then press and hold down the button while you move this icon to the folder named “My Work.”

As you work, you will want to remove items you no longer need from the hard disk. You remove items by throwing them into the Trash. In this exercise, you will throw the Practice File into the Trash. 1 If the Macintosh HD window is not already open, open it by double-clicking the Macintosh HD icon. 2 If the folder named “My Work” is not already open, open it. Note: If you can’t see the Trash icon (which should be in the lower-right corner of your screen) move the windows so that the Trash icon is visible. To move a window, place the pointer in the window’s title bar (the stripes at the top of the window), and drag the window. 3 Drag the Practice File to the Trash icon. When you place an item in the Trash, it is not immediately removed from your disk. The Trash icon bulges to show you that the Practice File is in the Trash, but still on your disk. 28 Chapter 2 Place the pointer on the Practice File icon. Press and hold down the button as you move the pointer to the Trash icon. When the tip of the pointer is on the Trash icon and the Trash icon becomes highlighted, release the button.

5 Open the Special menu and choose Empty Trash. A dialog box appears. The computer displays a dialog box when it asks you to confirm an action. You must click OK or another button in the dialog box before you can take any other action. 6 Click OK. The Trash is emptied and the Trash icon returns to normal. The Empty Trash command permanently removes from your disk anything that is in the Trash. Always be sure that you know what you’re removing before you choose Empty Trash. Note: You can get an item back from the Trash by moving its icon back to your disk before you choose Empty Trash from the Special menu. After you choose Empty Trash, you can’t recover items you’ve thrown away. You have completed all of the practice exercises. Before you continue with your own work, you might want to skim Chapter 3, “Basic Skills,” for a summary of basic skills that you’ll need as you work. 29 Learning to Use Your Computer Your Practice File is in the Trash.

your own work. You may have already purchased application programs to work with. You’ll need to install these on your hard disk. Be sure to read the manuals that came with your application programs for information on how to install them. Clues on your screen As you work, check the screen frequently for these important clues about where you are. If you are lost or if something unexpected happens, ask yourself these questions: Is this the right program? Check the menu bar. If it looks like this example, you are in the Finder. If any of these menu names are different or missing, you are in another program. To get back to the Finder, click anywhere on the desktop pattern. 30 Chapter 2 The Finder menu bar

Usually only the active window is affected when you type or use a menu. The active window has stripes in its title bar. To make a window active, click anywhere inside it. Is the icon or text you want to work with selected? Commands you choose in menus usually work only if an icon or some text is selected. Check the item you want to work with to make sure it’s highlighted (which means it’s selected). Is it best to start over? If you get stuck or lost as you practice on the computer, try one or more of the following remedies and then start the practice session over again: m If an unwanted or confusing window is on your screen, click the Close box in the upper-left corner of the window to close it. m If an unwanted window or box contains a Cancel button, click it. m If the File menu contains the word Quit, choose it. m If you’re really stuck, restart your computer. To restart, click the desktop (the background pattern on your screen), and then choose Restart from the Special menu. This turns the computer off and then back on. When you restart a computer, problems often clear up. 31 Learning to Use Your Computer

m Working with icons m Working with windows m Working with documents m Working with disks m Organizing your desktop m Working with menus m Keyboard shortcuts in the Finder and in directory dialog boxes m Using special keys on the PowerBook keyboard 33 3 Basic Skills Refer to this chapter for information on basic Macintosh skills.

An icon is a picture that represents something else. Selecting icons To do this Follow these steps Select the icon Click the item. Deselect an icon Click anywhere except the selected icon. Select multiple icons While holding down the Shift key, click each icon. Deselect an icon in a While holding down the Shift key, click the icon. group of selected icons Select multiple icons 1. Place the pointer at one corner of a group of icons. that are near each other 2. Press and hold down the button. 3. Drag diagonally to select the icons, then release the button. Select a list or partial 1. Place the pointer to the left of the top icon or the bottom icon. list of icons 2. Drag up or down the list, releasing the button when the items are selected. 34 Chapter 3 This icon represents the hard disk. This icon represents the Trash. These icons represent folders, programs, and documents that are stored on the hard disk.

Follow these steps Copy a file onto Drag the icon of the file to the icon of the other disk another disk or to an icon or window that belongs to that disk. Copy an icon on 1. Click the icon to select it. the same disk 2. Choose Duplicate from the File menu, or press x-D. 3. If you wish, rename the new icon and drag it to a new location. You can also make a copy by holding down the Option key while you drag the icon to another folder or window. Opening icons To do this Follow these steps Open an icon 1. Click the icon. (disk, folder, etc.) 2. Choose the Open command from the File menu. Or double-click (click twice quickly) on the icon. Moving icons To do this Follow these steps Move an icon on a disk Drag the item to the location you want. Naming icons To do this Follow these steps Select text in an Click the icon name (not the icon itself). icon’s name Rename an icon 1. Select the text under the icon. 2. Type the new name. 3. Press the Return key. 35 Basic Skills

To do this Follow these steps Erase or remove 1. Drag the icon to the Trash. an item from a disk 2. Choose Empty Trash from the Special menu. Retrieve an item 1. Open the Trash icon. from the Trash 2. Drag the icon out of the Trash (and into the disk or folder window where you want to store it). Or, choose Put Away from the File menu to return the icon to its original place on a disk. Working with windows A window opens when you double-click an icon. A window usually shows you what’s inside an icon. 36 Chapter 3 Click the zoom box to resize a window. Click the close box to close a window. This is a window showing you what’s on the the hard disk named “Macintosh HD.” Drag the size box to enlarge or reduce the window. Click the scroll arrow to view contents that you cannot see. Move the scroll box up or down to view the contents of a window that you can’t see. The gray in the scroll bar indicates that there are contents of the window that you cannot see.

To do this Follow these steps View the contents 1. Pull down the View menu. of a window by name, 2. Choose the menu item that corresponds to the way you want to date, size, or kind view the contents of the window. View the contents of the 1. Choose any list view from the View menu (any view except the window in outline form icon and small icon views). 2. Click the triangle next to a folder name to display or hide the contents of the folder. Making a window active To do this Follow these steps Make a window active Click anywhere inside the window or double-click its icon. Opening higher level folders or disks 37 Basic Skills 1 Hold down the x key as you press the title of the active window. 2 Drag to choose a higher-level folder (or disk) and then release the button.

Opening and closing a document To do this Follow these steps Open a document 1. Click the icon for the document. 2. Choose the Open command from the File menu. Or double-click (click twice rapidly) on the icon for the file. Close a document Choose Close from the File menu. Or click the close box of the document window. Opening a document from within a program To do this Follow these steps Open a document 1. Choose Open from the File menu. when you are working 2. Click the name of the document. (The in an open program illustration shows how to find a folder that you might not see.) 3. Click the Open button. 38 Chapter 3 Press this label to open a pop-up menu of folders and disks. The documents in the disk or folder you choose are listed here.

To do this Follow these steps Save and name a 1. Choose the Save command from the File menu. document 2. Type a name for the document. for the first time 3. Click the Save button. Save the document 1. Choose the Save As command from the File menu. under another name 2. Type a new name for the document. (Save as) 3. Click the Save button. Choosing a folder when saving a document To do this Follow these steps Save a document while 1. Choose Save or Save As from the File menu. working in a program 2. Click the name of the folder you want to save your document in. (The illustration shows how to find a folder that you might not see.) 3. Click Open to open the folder. 4. Name your document. 5. Click the Save button to save the document inside the folder. 39 Basic Skills Press this label to open a pop-up menu of folders and disks. The documents in the disk or folder you choose are listed here.

Preparing a new floppy disk for use See “Using Disks” in the Macintosh Reference book. Ejecting a floppy disk To do this Follow these steps Eject a floppy disk Drag the disk’s icon to the Trash. Copying the contents of a disk To do this Follow these steps Copy the entire contents 1. Insert the original floppy disk into the floppy disk drive. of one floppy disk onto 2. Drag the floppy disk icon to the hard disk icon. (The floppy disk another floppy disk contents appear in a folder on the hard disk.) (with one disk drive) 3. Drag the floppy disk icon to the Trash. 4. Insert the floppy disk that you want to copy to. 5. Drag the icon of the newly created folder to the floppy disk icon. 6. Drag the floppy disk icon to the Trash. Copy an entire floppy 1. Drag the icon for the floppy disk to the icon for the hard disk. disk onto a hard disk (The floppy disk contents appear in a folder on the hard disk.) Copy items from a hard 1. Select the items you want to copy. disk onto a floppy disk 2. Drag the selected icons to the floppy disk’s icon or window. Copy items from a floppy 1. Select the items you want to copy. disk onto a hard disk 2. Drag the selected icons to the hard disk’s icon or window. 40 Chapter 3

To do this Follow these steps Erase the entire 1. Insert the disk you want to erase into a disk drive. contents of a floppy disk 2. Click the icon of the disk you want to erase. 3. Choose Erase Disk from the Special menu. 4. Respond to the messages on your screen by clicking the appropriate buttons. Organizing your desktop Creating a new folder To do this Follow these steps Create a new 1. Choose New Folder from the File menu. folder 2. Type a name for the folder. 3. Press the Return key. Placing an icon inside a folder To do this Follow these steps Place an icon 1. Drag the icon to the folder where you want to store it. inside a folder 2. Release the button when the folder icon becomes highlighted. 41 Basic Skills

Keyboard shortcuts in the Finder and in directory dialog boxes Key Action Up, Down, Left, Selects the next item in the direction of the arrow or Right Arrow key Tab key Selects the next item alphabetically (except in a directory dialog box and the Chooser) Character key (a, b, c…) Selects the first item whose name begins with that character (or the character following closest to it in the alphabet) x–Down Arrow Opens the selected icon x–Option–Down Arrow Opens the selected icon and closes the current folder x–Up Arrow Opens the folder that contains the current folder x–Option–Up Arrow Opens the folder that contains the current folder and closes the current folder Return or Enter In a dialog box: the same as clicking the button with the bold outline In the Finder: selects the selected icon’s name for editing or saves the edited name 42 Chapter 3 This is the Help menu, which you use to display information about items on the screen. This is the Application menu, which you use to see which programs are open. Dimmed commands are not available. To choose an item from a menu: 1 Point to the menu. 2 Press and hold to pull down the menu. 3 Drag to the item you want to choose. 4 Release the button when the command is highlighted.

Arrow keys Move the insertion point, as an alternative to using the pointing device. In some programs, the arrow keys have other functions. Caps Lock key A locking Shift key for letters only (numbers and symbols aren’t affected). x (Command) key Works in combination with other keys as an alternative to choosing a menu command. Control key In combination with other keys, provides shortcuts or modifies actions. Delete key Deletes selected material, or the character to the left of the insertion point. Enter key In a dialog box, pressing Enter is the same as clicking the outlined button. In some programs, confirms information you have provided. Escape key The function of this key depends on the program you’re using. Function keys Some programs allow you to use function keys to give commands. You can assign commands or action sequences to function keys with utility programs. Option key In combination with other keys, produces special characters or modifies actions. Power On key Turns on the computer. Return key Moves the insertion point to the beginning of the next line. In a dialog box, pressing Return is the same as clicking the outlined button. Shift key Produces capital letters (or the upper character on the key). Tab key Moves the insertion point to the next stopping place (such as a tab stop or data field). 1 ! 2 @ 3 # 4 $ 5 % 6 7 & 8* 9 ( 0 ) + = delete ~ ' Y U I O P Q W E R T tab lock caps shift ctrl option shift return enter S D F G H J K L A Z X C V B N M < > , . ? / ; ' : " \ [ { ] } F9 F10 F11 F12 I esc F2 F3 F4 F1 F6 F7 F8 F5 Tab key Caps lock key Control key Option key Shift key Enter key (Command) key x Arrow keys Delete key Escape key Power on key Return key Function keys 43 Basic Skills

For your own safety and that of your equipment, read and follow all the instructions in this section. Keep these instructions available for reference by you and others. Warning m Electrical equipment may be hazardous if misused. Operation of this product, or similar products, must always be supervised by an adult. Do not allow children access to the interior of any electrical product and do not permit them to handle any cables. m Do not use the computer in or near water. m Do not use cables that are frayed or otherwise damaged. Hold a cable by its connector (the plug, not the cord) when connecting or disconnecting it. m Always handle batteries carefully. m Do not drop, puncture, mutilate, or burn the computer or battery. m Recharge batteries only as described in this manual and only in ventilated areas. m Transport batteries either inside the computer or with the protective slider covering the battery contacts. 45 4 Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips Refer to this chapter for important health-related information and safety tips

object such as a paper clip or key chain to touch the terminals). Doing so may cause an explosion or a fire. Caution m If you have a problem with your computer and nothing in the computer manuals solves the problem, take the computer to your Apple-authorized dealer or service provider. Attempting to repair the computer yourself may void the limited warranty. m Do not move the computer when you can hear its hard disk spinning. When you put the computer to sleep, wait until the screen is blank before moving the computer. m Never force a connector into a port. Make sure that the connector matches the port and that it’s right side up. If the connector and port do not join easily, they do not match. m Do not use the computer in wet or dusty environments. m Keep dirt and liquids away from the ports on the back panel, the keyboard, and the trackpad. If you spill any food or liquid onto the computer, shut it down immediately and unplug it before cleaning up the spill. Depending on what you spilled and how much got into the computer, you may have to bring the computer to an Apple-authorized service provider for cleaning. m Do not touch the screen with any sharp or pointed objects. m Use only the battery supplied with your computer. Batteries designed for other portable computers may look similar, but they may not work with your computer and may damage it. m When recharging the battery, use only the power adapter supplied with your computer. Adapters designed for other electronic devices may not work with your equipment and may damage the computer or the recharger. m Do not leave batteries in hot locations (such as the trunk of a car). 46 Chapter 4

between 50°F/10°C and 104°F/40°C. m Do not expose the computer to very low (less than –13°F/–25°C) or very high (more than 140°F/60°C) temperatures. m If the computer has been in a cold place for several hours, let it warm up to room temperature before you use it. m Clean the computer’s outside surfaces with a damp (not wet) cloth. Clean the screen with soft, lint-free paper or cloth and a mild glass cleaner. Do not spray the glass cleaner directly onto the screen. Caring for batteries m Always handle batteries carefully. m Do not short-circuit the battery terminals (that is, do not touch both terminals with a metal object). Doing so may cause an explosion or a fire. m Do not drop, puncture, disassemble, mutilate, or incinerate the battery. m Recharge batteries only as described in this manual and only in ventilated areas. m Do not leave batteries in hot locations (such as the trunk of a car). m Do not leave a battery in your computer for longer than a week without plugging in the power adapter. m Do not leave a battery in storage for longer than 6 months without recharging it. m Take dead batteries to an Apple-authorized service provider for recycling or proper disposal. The batteries contain hazardous chemicals and should not be thrown out with household or office trash. 47 Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

Muscle soreness, eye fatigue, and other discomforts and injuries sometimes associated with using computers can occur from performing any number of activities. In fact, misuse of the same muscles during multiple activities can create a problem that might not otherwise exist. For example, if you engage in nonwork activities that involve repetitive stress on the wrist—such as bicycling—and also use your computer’s keyboard improperly, you may increase your likelihood of developing wrist problems. Some individuals are at greater risk of developing these problems because of their health, physiology, lifestyle, and general exposure to stress. Work organization and conditions, such as workstation setup and lighting, also play a part in your overall health and comfort. Preventing health problems is a multifaceted task that requires careful attention to the way you use your body every hour of every day. The most common health effects associated with using a computer are musculoskeletal discomfort and eye fatigue. We’ll discuss each area of concern below. Musculoskeletal discomfort As with any activity that involves sitting for long periods of time, using a computer can make your muscles sore and stiff. To minimize these effects, set up your work environment carefully, using the guidelines that follow, and take frequent breaks to rest tired muscles. To make working with your computer more comfortable, allow enough space in your work area so that you can change position frequently and maintain a relaxed posture. Another type of musculoskeletal concern is repetitive stress injuries (RSIs), also known as cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). These problems can occur when a certain muscle or tendon is repeatedly overused and forced into an unnatural position. The exact causes of RSIs are not totally understood, but in addition to awkward posture, such factors as the amount of repetition, the force used in the activity, the individual’s physiology, workplace stress level, and lifestyle may affect the likelihood of experiencing an RSI. 48 Chapter 4

writer’s cramp, for example, are two RSIs that have been with us for a long time. Although less common than other RSIs, one serious RSI discussed more often today is a wrist problem called carpal tunnel syndrome, which may be aggravated by improper use of computer keyboards. This nerve disorder results from excessive pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the wrist to the hand. This section offers advice on setting up your work area to enhance your comfort while you use your computer. Since the effects of repetitive movements associated with using a computer can be compounded by those of other work and leisure activities to produce or aggravate physical problems, proper use of your computer system must be considered as just one element of a healthy lifestyle. No one, of course, can guarantee that you won’t have problems even when you follow the most expert advice on using computer equipment. You should always check with a qualified health specialist if muscle, joint, or eye problems occur. Eye fatigue Eye fatigue can occur whenever the eyes are focused on a nearby object for a long time. This problem occurs because the eye muscles must work harder to view an object that’s closer than about 20 feet (6 meters). Improper lighting can hasten the development of eye fatigue. Although eye fatigue is annoying, there’s no evidence that it leads to permanent damage. Whenever you’re engaged in an activity that involves close-up work—such as reading a magazine, doing craft work, or using a computer—be sure to have sufficient glare-free lighting and give your eyes frequent rest breaks by looking up and focusing on distant objects. Remember to have your eyes examined regularly. To prevent discomfort and eye fatigue: m Arrange your work space so that the furniture is properly adjusted for you and doesn’t contribute to an awkward working posture. m Take frequent short breaks to give your muscles and eyes a chance to rest. 49 Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

The suggestions in this section can help you work more comfortably with your computer. Chair m An adjustable chair that provides firm, comfortable support is best. Adjust the height of the chair so your thighs are horizontal and your feet flat on the floor. The back of the chair should support your lower back (lumbar region). Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for adjusting the backrest to fit your body properly. Keyboard and trackpad m When you use the keyboard and trackpad, your shoulders should be relaxed. Your upper arm and forearm should form an approximate right angle, with your wrist and hand in roughly a straight line. m You may have to raise your chair so your forearms and hands are at the proper angle to the keyboard. If this makes it impossible to rest your feet flat on the floor, you can use a footrest with adjustable height and tilt to make up for any gap between the floor and your feet. Or you may lower the desktop to eliminate the need for a footrest. Another option is to use a desk with a keyboard tray that’s lower than the regular work surface. m Use a light touch when typing or using the trackpad and keep your hands and fingers relaxed. When using the trackpad, avoid rolling your thumbs under your palms. Not this This 50 Chapter 4

after intensive work without breaks. If you begin to develop chronic pain or discomfort in your hands, wrists, or arms, consult a qualified health specialist. m Change hand positions often to avoid fatigue. m If you prefer, you can adjust the angle of the keyboard by lowering the legs until they snap into position. The back of the keyboard is slightly elevated when the legs are in use. Otherwise, the keyboard is level. Mouse m If you use an external mouse, position the mouse at the same height as your keyboard. Allow adequate space to use the mouse comfortably. Built-in display m Adjust the angle of the display to minimize glare and reflections from overhead lights and windows. m You may need to adjust the brightness and contrast of the screen when you take the computer from one work location to another, or if the lighting in your work area changes. This Not this 51 Health, Safety, and Maintenance Tips

m If possible, arrange the monitor so the top of the screen is slightly below your eye level when you’re sitting at the keyboard. The best distance from your eyes to the screen is up to you, although most people seem to prefer 18 to 28 inches (45 to 70 cm). Avoiding fatigue m Change your seated position, stand up, or stretch whenever you start to feel tired. Frequent short breaks are helpful in reducing fatigue. m Allow adequate workspace so that you can work comfortably. Place papers or other items so you can view them easily while using your computer. A document stand may make reading papers more comfortable. m Eye muscles must work harder to focus on nearby objects. Occasionally focus your eyes on a distant object, and blink often while you work. m Clean your screen regularly. Keeping the screen clean helps reduce unwanted reflections. What about electromagnetic emissions? There has been recent public discussion of the possible health effects of prolonged exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic fields. Such fields are associated with electromagnetic sources such as television sets, electrical wiring, and some household appliances—as well as computer monitors. Apple has reviewed scientific reports and sought the counsel of government regulatory agencies and respected health organizations. Based on the prevailing evidence and opinions, Apple believes that the electric and magnetic fields produced by computer monitors do not pose a health risk. In response to those customers who wish to reduce their exposure to electromagnetic fields, Apple has lowered the emission levels of its products. 52 Chapter 4

When you first turn on your PowerBook, a line of small pictures appears in the lower left of the screen. This is called the Control Strip. Each picture in the Control Strip is called a module. The Control Strip is a quick and easy way to monitor and update your PowerBook’s power management options. For instance, you can monitor the battery charge level and the amount of work time left on your battery. You can also adjust such options as File Sharing and sound volume. The Control Strip may look slightly different depending on the options on your PowerBook. To get a description of each module in the Control Strip, pull down the Help menu, choose Show Balloons and point to the modules one at a time. 53 5 The Control Strip This chapter describes working with the Control Strip, the line of modules at the bottom of your screen. Scroll arrows let you view Control Strip modules that are not visible. Close Box File Sharing Power Settings Sound Volume Video Mirroring Tab AppleTalk Switch Sleep Now Battery Monitor HD Spin Down Scroll Arrow

Many features in the Control Strip work the same way as control panels. For the most part, however, control panels offer more options. The Control Strip gives you an easy way to access the features you use most often. You can still use the control panels anytime to fine-tune your settings. Closing, opening, and resizing the Control Strip Closing the Control Strip The Control Strip appears on the desktop until you close it. You can close the Control Strip one of two ways: The Control Strip appears on top of application programs. When you close the Control Strip, only the tab appears at the edge of the screen. Opening the Control Strip To open the Control Strip: m Click once on the tab. The Control Strip opens. 54 Chapter 5 1 Click the tab at the end of the Control Strip. 2 Click the close box at the beginning of the Control Strip.

You can shorten or lengthen the Control Strip to display fewer or more modules. m Click and drag the tab. The Control Strip shortens or lengthens as you drag the tab. If you shorten the Control Strip and can no longer see all the modules, use the scroll arrows. Hiding the Control Strip If you want to hide the Control Strip so it does not appear at all on the desktop: 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu, and open the Control Strip control panel. 2 Click Hide Control Strip. The Control Strip automatically disappears from the screen. Click Show Control Strip in the Control Strip control panel when you want the Control Strip to reappear. 55 The Control Strip

You can drag the Control Strip to the right or left edge of your PowerBook’s screen or any monitor your PowerBook is connected to. To reposition the Control Strip: 1 Hold down the Option key and drag the Control Strip by its tab. An outline of the Control Strip shows where the Control Strip will move to. 2 Release the Option key and trackpad button. The Control Strip appears in its new position, and remains there until you move it again. Rearranging the modules in the Control Strip You can customize the order of the modules in the Control Strip. To rearrange the modules: 1 Hold down the Option key and drag each module you want to move. 2 Release the Option key and trackpad button. The module you are moving snaps into place. The modules stay in the new order until you rearrange them. Using the Control Strip Monitoring the charge level of the battery Your computer draws power from one or two rechargeable batteries. The Battery Monitor module in the Control Strip lets you easily monitor the battery charge level for each battery in your PowerBook. The total work time you get from the batteries depends on how often you use the hard disk, how bright the screen is, and other factors. 56 Chapter 5

m battery icon for each battery m battery charge level for each battery m total battery consumption rate m total estimated work time remaining The battery charge level, battery consumption rate, and estimated work time remaining change depending on the software, hardware, and power saving features you use. The battery icons change depending on whether the battery is being charged, is fully charged, or is powering the computer. Notice that the battery consumption rate and the work time remaining are displayed only when the computer is being powered by the battery. 57 The Control Strip When the power adapter is plugged in and the batteries are not in the computer, this icon appears. When the power adapter is plugged in and charging the battery, this icon appears. The estimated work time remaining is displayed here when the batteries are powering the computer. The battery consumption rate is displayed here when the batteries are powering the computer. Higher rates are to the right. The charge level changes as the battery charges. The charge level and battery icon for the right battery are displayed on the right. When the battery is powering the computer, this icon appears. When the power adapter is plugged in and the battery is fully charged, this icon appears. A battery icon appears for each battery you use. The charge level and battery icon for the left battery are displayed on the left.

You can customize the Battery Monitor module to display only the features you want. Follow these steps: 1 Click the Battery Monitor module in the Control Strip. The following pop-up menu appears. 2 Choose the feature you want to hide or show. You cannot hide the battery icons. Changing the battery conservation settings You can control your computer’s power consumption using the power conservation settings in the Power Settings module. You can also open the PowerBook control panel from the Power Settings module. 1 Click the Power Settings module in the Control Strip. A pop-up menu appears. 2 Choose the feature you want from the pop-up menu. The battery conservation settings shown are identical to those shown in the Easy View area of the PowerBook control panel. For help with the PowerBook control panel, see “Adjusting the Battery Conservation Settings” in the “Maximizing Work Time” section of Chapter 6. 58 Chapter 5 Better Conservation gives you longer work time. Open the PowerBook control panel if you want to use the Custom settings. Better Performance allows you to work with the fewest interruptions.

The hard disk is one of the main consumers of battery power. To extend work time while you are using your battery, it is a good idea to turn off the hard disk when you are not using it. This is called “spinning down” the hard disk. To spin down the hard disk: 1 Click the HD Spin Down module in the Control Strip. A pop-up menu appears. 2 Choose Spin Down Internal Hard Disk. The icon shows that the hard disk is off. The hard disk automatically turns itself back on when the computer needs it. Putting the computer to sleep Putting your PowerBook to sleep when you take a work break, even for a few minutes, can give you more work time from your battery. To put your PowerBook to sleep from the Control Strip: 1 Click the Sleep Now module in the Control Strip. A pop-up menu appears: 2 Choose Sleep Now. Note that when your PowerBook is in sleep, a green light flashes at the top of the computer’s display. 59 The Control Strip

key on the keyboard. There are three other ways you put your PowerBook to sleep: m close the computer’s display m choose the Sleep command from the Special menu in the Finder m hold down the x (Command) and Shift keys while you press and release the zero (0) key. For more information on sleep, see Chapters 1 and 6. Changing the file sharing options The icon of the File Sharing module tells you whether file sharing is on and whether users are connected. To change the file sharing option or open the File Sharing Setup control panel: 1 Click the File Sharing module in the Control Strip. A pop-up menu appears: 2 Choose the file sharing option you want from the pop-up menu. For more information on file sharing and working on a network, see the Macintosh Reference book. 60 Chapter 5 File sharing is turned off. File sharing is turned on and no users are connected. File sharing is turned on and at least one user is connected.

Your computer’s sound volume can be changed from the Control Strip: 1 Click the Sound Volume module in the Control Strip. A pop-up menu appears: 2 Choose the volume setting you want from the pop-up menu. For more information on sound, see the Macintosh Reference book. Turning an AppleTalk connection on and off The icon for the AppleTalk Switch module shows if AppleTalk is on or off. Turning AppleTalk off can save you battery power. You can turn AppleTalk on and off from the Control Strip. 1 Click the AppleTalk Switch module in the Control Strip. A pop-up menu appears: 61 The Control Strip AppleTalk is off. AppleTalk is on.

For more information on AppleTalk and working on a network, see the Macintosh Reference book. Using video mirroring If your PowerBook is connected to an external monitor you can display the same image on the internal display and an external monitor. This feature is called “video mirroring.” When an external monitor is connected to your PowerBook, the Video Mirroring module appears in the Control Strip. The icon shows whether video mirroring is on or off. You can turn video mirroring on and off from the Control Strip. 1 Click the Video Mirroring module in the Control Strip. A pop-up menu appears: 2 Choose the feature you want from the pop-up menu. The Video Mirroring module offers exactly the same features as the PowerBook Display control panel. For information on using the PowerBook Display control panel, see “Using a Monitor for Presentations” in Chapter 9. 62 Chapter 5 Video mirroring is turned off. Video mirroring is turned on.

m Main batteries Your computer includes one or two nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries (depending on the model you have). Two batteries provide power for up to 8 hours of work time (depending on the battery conservation features you choose). Your PowerBook has space for two batteries. You can keep one or two batteries in the computer at a time. If you need maximum work time, you’ll want to keep both batteries in the computer. If you want your PowerBook to weigh less, you can keep one battery in the computer and purchase a separate battery door to cover the battery bay when the battery is not in the computer. m AC power You can run your computer from any standard electrical outlet by plugging in the power adapter. The power adapter is really two power supplies in one. It can run your computer and charge your batteries at the same time. These power sources are described in more detail in the following sections. 63 6 Power Management Read this chapter to learn how you can maximize your PowerBook’s battery life.

When the batteries run low, the computer displays a series of low-power messages. If you are using two batteries in your PowerBook, the low-power messages appear when both batteries are low. The work time remaining after you see the first message varies depending on how you are using the computer. It’s a good idea to act promptly. What you should do When you see a low-power message, you should do any of the following: m Plug in the power adapter, or m Save your work and put the computer to sleep, or m Replace the empty batteries with charged ones. What you should know When the first low-power message appears, the screen dims automatically to save power. If you continue to work without plugging in the power adapter or changing the batteries, the computer displays a second low-power message. The second message is followed by a third and final message indicating that the computer is about to put itself to sleep. Within a few seconds, the computer goes to sleep automatically to protect the contents of RAM. All activities are interrupted. It’s a good idea to save your work when you see the first two low-power messages to make sure you don’t lose information. If you continue working until the computer goes to sleep automatically, you can wake it again as soon as you plug in the power adapter or replace one or both batteries with charged batteries. If you take both batteries out of the computer, make sure the power adapter is plugged in or you will lose any unsaved work. If you can’t plug in the power adapter, the contents of RAM are retained in sleep for about a day (as long as you don’t remove the batteries). 64 Chapter 6

batteries in the computer for longer than 2 weeks (especially in a hot location, such as the trunk of a car) may damage the batteries so that they can’t be recharged. If this happens, you need to replace the batteries. Recharging the batteries To recharge the batteries in your computer, plug in the power adapter. The batteries are recharged regardless of whether you are using the computer, or the computer is off or in sleep. When the computer is shut down or in sleep, both batteries are charged at the same time. A lightning bolt icon appears in the Battery Monitor module in the Control Strip when the power adapter is plugged in and a battery is recharging. WARNING Use only the power adapter that came with your computer. Adapters for other electronic devices (including other portable computers) may look similar, but they may damage your computer. Power adapter port 65 Power Management

computer shut down or in sleep, or about four hours if you are using the computer. While the computer is shut down and the power adapter is plugged in, you may remove charged batteries from the computer and replace them with batteries you want to charge. Check to see if a battery is fully charged by looking at the Battery Monitor module in the Control Strip. Removing or replacing the batteries To remove or replace the batteries, follow these steps. 1 Save your work, and then choose Shut Down or Sleep from the Special menu. You can also plug in the power adapter if you want to keep the computer on while you remove the batteries. 2 Close the display. 3 Open the door of the battery you want to remove by sliding the door in the direction indicated by the arrow. The door is physically attached to the battery. 66 Chapter 6

Make sure you move the protective slider that covers the battery contacts so the battery contacts are not exposed when the battery is out of the computer. 5 If you are inserting another battery, slide it into the battery compartment. You cannot insert a battery when the protective slider is covering the battery contacts. 6 If you just inserted new batteries, it’s a good idea to plug in the power adapter in case the batteries are not fully charged. IMPORTANT Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) batteries contain metals which are hazardous when released in the environment. It is inappropriate, and in some cases unlawful, to throw batteries away with your household or business trash. Instead of throwing away your spent batteries, dispose of them as described here. m In the United States Return spent batteries to your Apple-authorized service provider, who will make sure they are included in Apple’s battery recycling program. m Elsewhere Many locations have government or Apple-sponsored collection and/or recycling programs for spent batteries. Dispose of spent batteries in accordance with the mandatory or voluntary battery collection programs in your location. Contact your Apple-authorized service provider for information about the recommended disposal procedures in your area. WARNING Damaged nickel-metal-hydride batteries may leak small amounts of potassium hydroxide. This substance can cause severe burns to the skin and eyes. If you touch a damaged battery, immediately wash your hands and any other affected areas with water for at least five minutes. Do not use soap. 67 Power Management

m If your PowerBook has one battery If your PowerBook uses one battery, you can maximize the life of your battery by discharging and then recharging it completely once every 90 days. Just use the computer as you normally would, but ignore the low- power messages that appear on the screen. (Make sure to save your work, however.) When the computer goes to sleep automatically after the final warning, recharge the battery completely before using it again. m If your PowerBook has two batteries If you are using two batteries, swap the left and right batteries every month. Your batteries will last longer if you recharge them at or slightly below room temperature. With proper care you can expect your batteries to last for at least a year. If you notice that the batteries no longer hold a charge for as long as they should, you may need to replace them. Maximizing work time Your PowerBook’s batteries can provide up to 4 hours of work time each before you need to recharge. The actual work time available depends on what equipment you’re using with your computer and what steps you take to conserve power while you work. Ways to conserve battery power You can see how efficiently your computer is using the batteries by looking at the battery consumption rate in the Battery Monitor module of the Control Strip. If you are using battery saving features, the meter should point to the left. Try some of the battery saving features listed below. The more of these features you use, the longer work time you get from your batteries. m Turn down the screen brightness (¤) whenever possible. At its brightest level, the screen consumes about a third of the power your computer is using. 68 Chapter 6

settings dim your screen automatically if you haven’t used the computer for a few minutes. m Set the Battery Conservation slider in the PowerBook control panel to Better Conservation. The rest of this section describes these settings in detail. m Keep virtual memory turned off in the Memory control panel. m If your computer has 8 MB of memory or more, you can use a RAM disk as your startup disk to minimize hard disk use. (See “Setting Up a RAM Disk” in Chapter 7 for more information.) m Quit any program that uses a modem as soon as possible. As long as the program is open, your modem is consuming power even if you are not using the modem. m If you’re working near an electrical outlet, plug in the power adapter. m If you aren’t using the computer, put it to sleep and plug in the power adapter. Adjusting the battery conservation settings The Battery Conservation section of the PowerBook control panel gives you several ways to control your computer’s power consumption. The easiest approach Just use the Battery Conservation slider to choose the setting you prefer. 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu, and open the PowerBook control panel (or click the Power Settings module in the Control Strip). The PowerBook control panel opens in Easy View. You can also choose Custom View for more detailed options. See “Choosing Custom Options” later in this chapter. 69 Power Management

There are five settings. Better Performance allows you to work with the fewest interruptions. If you can’t plug in the computer, Better Conservation gives you the longest work time. 3 Close the PowerBook control panel. If you don’t use the computer for several minutes (how many depends on which setting you choose), it goes to sleep without any action on your part. A computer in sleep has a darkened screen and appears to be off, though it is still using battery power at a low level if the power adapter is not plugged in. Note that a green light flashes at the top of your computer’s display when the computer is in sleep. To put the computer to sleep before the automatic sleep setting takes effect, choose Sleep from the Special menu or use the Sleep module in the Control Strip. To wake the computer from sleep, press any key. Automatic sleep does not take effect under the following circumstances: m You are using an external monitor. m AppleTalk is turned on in the Chooser and the power adapter is plugged in. m Your computer is connected to a shared disk on the network. m Your computer’s serial port is in use. 70 Chapter 6

The Battery Conservation slider controls three power conservation features: system sleep, screen dimming, and hard disk spin-down. m System sleep is a state in which your computer uses only the power it needs to maintain the contents of RAM (such as any open programs and documents, and various control panel settings). You’ll see a green light flashing at the top of the display when the PowerBook is in sleep. m Screen dimming saves battery power by automatically dimming your PowerBook’s display screen. The display screen is one of the main consumers of battery power. m Hard disk spin-down stops your computer’s internal hard disk from spinning when it isn’t being used. If the PowerBook is in sleep, then the hard disk automatically spins down. Notice there are five settings on the Battery Conservation slider: The time it takes for each feature to take effect depends on the settings you choose. If you drag the slider toward Better Conservation, it takes less time for the system to sleep, the hard disk to spin down, and the screen to dim. The table indicates how the battery conservation settings correspond to sleep times. Minutes it takes if you choose Conservation Performance System sleeps 2 3 6 8 15 Hard disk spins down 1 2 3 6 8 Screen dims 1 2 3 4 5 71 Power Management The five settings in the Battery Conservation slider indicate the time it takes for your computer to go to sleep, the screen to dim, and the hard disk to spin down.

For more options that affect your computer’s power consumption, hold down the Option key while you click Custom in the PowerBook control panel. Battery Conservation settings The Battery Conservation slider works as described in the previous section, “Adjusting the Battery Conservation Settings.” In Custom view, you can also use three sliders which control system sleep, screen dimming, and hard disk spin-down. (For a description of each feature, see “More About Automatic Sleep” in the previous section.) To use the sliders: 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu, and open the PowerBook control panel. (Or, use the Power Settings module in the Control Strip.) 2 Click the Custom button. 72 Chapter 6 Click Custom. This section… …and this section of the control panel appear whenever you click Custom. This section of the control panel appears only when you hold down the Option key while clicking Custom.

The battery conservation slider reflects the changes you make. 4 Close the PowerBook control panel. Processor cycling If the computer is not doing anything for a few seconds, it reduces the power consumption of its microprocessor. The microprocessor comes back up to speed instantaneously when you resume work. This feature is called processor cycling. Processor cycling conserves battery power. It is highly recommended that you work with processor cycling on. But if a program performs very slowly, you can turn off processor cycling temporarily. Follow these steps. 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu, and open the PowerBook control panel. (Or, use the Power Settings module in the Control Strip.) 2 Hold down the Option key while you click the Custom button. 3 Click the “Allow processor cycling” checkbox to remove the X. 4 Close the PowerBook control panel. To turn processor cycling back on, click the “Allow processor cycling” checkbox again. You may notice other effects of processor cycling. For example, if programs are working in the background, processor cycling may slow them down. You may also notice that the Alarm Clock is updated irregularly or that the wristwatch pointer appears more often. These changes do not indicate a problem with your computer. IMPORTANT To conserve battery power, turn processor cycling off only when using programs that it interferes with. Turn processor cycling back on again as soon as possible.

change the power conservation settings accordingly. To control automatic power conservation, follow these steps: 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu, and open the PowerBook control panel. (Or, use the Power Settings module in the Control Strip.) 2 Click the Custom button. 3 Click the Auto button. 4 Select a power source in the pop-up menu. 5 Drag the sliders to the settings you want. See the section on Battery Conservation settings for more help. 6 Close the PowerBook control panel. To use the preset power conservation settings, click Default. To turn off automatic power conservation, click Manual. 74 Chapter 6

There are several ways you can customize your PowerBook to make your day-to-day work easier: m Adjusting the trackpad You can adjust the trackpad and double-click speed in the Trackpad control panel. m Reconnecting to shared disks If you use your PowerBook on a network to connect to shared disks, the AutoRemounter control panel lets you reconnect automatically. m Using a RAM disk Using a RAM disk saves you time and battery power. When you create a RAM disk, its contents are saved in the System Folder when you shut down your PowerBook and then copied back to the RAM disk the next time you turn the computer on. m Improving the pointer display You can set options to make the pointer more visible on the screen. m Printing later You can set up documents to print the next time you connect to the network printer. These features are described in the sections that follow. Read this chapter for help using custom options on your PowerBook and for tips on traveling and storing your computer. 7 Customizing and Traveling With Your PowerBook

You can change the trackpad settings so it works better with your touch. 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Trackpad control panel. 2 Click the tracking speed you want. 3 Click the double-clicking speed you want. 4 Close the Trackpad control panel. 76 Chapter 7 Click here if your PowerBook often interprets two clicks as a double click. Click here if your PowerBook often interprets a double click as two single clicks. Click a slower setting if you want the pointer to move more slowly than your finger on the trackpad. Click a faster setting if you want the pointer to move more quickly than your finger on the trackpad. Click here if you want the pointer to move at a constant speed relative to the motion of your finger on the trackpad.

Your PowerBook disconnects from any shared disks it’s connected to when you turn it off or restart it, or when it is in sleep. By using the AutoRemounter, your PowerBook can reconnect to shared disks automatically when you turn it back on (or wake it from sleep). In addition, if you connect a hard disk to your PowerBook while it’s in sleep, the hard disk appears on the desktop when you wake it up. 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the AutoRemounter control panel. 2 If you want to reconnect to shared disks only when you wake the computer from sleep, click After Sleep. If you want to reconnect when you restart the computer as well as after sleep, click Always. 3 If you want the computer to ask for your password when you reconnect to shared disks, click Always Entering Passwords; otherwise, click Automatically Remounting. For better privacy and security, have your computer ask for your password before reconnecting to shared disks. 4 Close the AutoRemounter control panel. 77 Customizing And Traveling With Your PowerBook

Using a RAM disk saves power because it avoids using the PowerBook’s hard disk while you are running the PowerBook from its battery. Any files that are copied to the RAM disk are saved in the System Folder on the hard disk when you shut down your PowerBook. The next time you start up your PowerBook, the files are copied back to the RAM disk automatically. This feature is called a persistent RAM disk. It allows you to use your RAM disk without having to rebuild it every time you restart your PowerBook. There are two ways to set up a RAM disk, depending on the amount of memory in your computer. The first way allows you to keep application programs and files in RAM. The second way—for maximum battery conservation—allows you to use your RAM disk as the startup disk. To set up a RAM disk, you need at least 6 MB of RAM in your computer. If you have less than 8 MB of memory If you have less than 8 MB of memory, set up a RAM disk that contains the applications and files you use most. 1 Create a folder called “RAM Disk Backup.” 2 Put into the RAM Disk Backup folder your favorite application(s) and files you frequently use. Try to keep additions to this folder to a minimum. 3 Select the RAM Disk Backup folder. Then choose Get Info from the File menu in the Finder, find the size of your RAM Disk Backup folder, and close the Get Info window. You’ll need to remember the size of your RAM Disk Backup folder. Write it down if you need to. 4 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Memory control panel. 78 Chapter 7

5 Click the On button under RAM Disk. 6 Drag the slider to set the percentage of memory to use for the RAM disk. Adjust the size to fit the contents of your RAM Disk Backup folder. Make sure you allocate enough RAM to fit the size of your folder, or you will have to repeat this step. 7 Close the Memory control panel and restart your PowerBook. A RAM Disk icon appears on your desktop. 8 Copy the contents of your RAM Disk Backup folder to your RAM disk. 9 See “Using the RAM Disk” later in this section. IMPORTANT When you need to turn off the computer, make sure you choose Shut Down from the Special menu. If you use the power switch to turn off your computer, you will lose the contents of the RAM disk. 79 Customizing And Traveling With Your PowerBook

If your PowerBook has 8 MB of memory or more, you can set up a RAM disk that contains the files needed to start up your PowerBook. This provides maximum battery conservation. 1 Select the System Folder on your hard disk and choose Duplicate from the File menu This creates a folder called System Folder copy. 2 Remove any extra extensions, fonts, and control panels you don’t use. Make sure not to delete the files called Finder and System from the System Folder copy, or the file called Assistant Toolbox from the Extensions folder in the System Folder. 3 Create a folder called “RAM Disk Backup.” 4 Put the System Folder copy, your favorite application program or programs, and files you frequently use into the RAM Disk Backup folder. Try to keep additions to this folder to a minimum. 5 Select the RAM Disk Backup folder. Then choose Get Info from the File menu in the Finder, find the size of your RAM Disk Backup folder, and close the Get Info window. 6 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Memory control panel. 80 Chapter 7

7 Click the On button under RAM Disk. 8 Drag the slider to set the percentage of memory to use for the RAM disk. Adjust the size to fit the contents of your RAM Disk Backup folder. Make sure you allocate enough RAM to fit the size of your folder, or you will have to repeat this step. 9 Close the Memory control panel and restart your computer. A RAM Disk icon appears on your desktop. 10 Copy the contents of your RAM Disk Backup folder to your RAM disk. 11 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Startup Disk control panel. 12 Select your RAM disk in the Startup Disk window and close the Startup Disk control panel. 13 Choose Restart from the Special menu. 14 See “Using the RAM Disk” (the following section). IMPORTANT When you need to turn off the computer, make sure you choose Shut Down from the Special menu. If you use the power switch to turn off your computer, you will lose the contents of the RAM disk. 81 Customizing And Traveling With Your PowerBook

1 Start up the application programs and files on the RAM Disk while your PowerBook is plugged into the power adapter. Using the power adapter saves your battery. 2 Put your PowerBook to sleep. 3 Unplug the power adapter. Your documents will be loaded into RAM when your PowerBook comes out of Sleep. 4 While you are running your PowerBook off the battery, try to avoid using any files that are not on the RAM Disk. 5 When you save new files, save them to the RAM Disk. 82 Chapter 7

You may notice that the pointer sometimes disappears from your PowerBook’s screen when you move the pointer quickly. You can set your trackpad (or external mouse) to have “tracks” so you can always see the pointer on the screen. You do this in the Mouse control panel. 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Mouse control panel. The following control panel appears: 2 Click the mouse tracks length you want. 3 To display a thicker I-beam on your PowerBook, click the checkbox labeled Thick I-beam. This makes the I-beam more visible on display screens. 4 Close the Mouse control panel. 83 Customizing And Traveling With Your PowerBook The settings in this section control the tracking speed of an external mouse. Change the tracking speed of the trackpad in the Trackpad control panel. You can set the double-click speed here. You can set the pointer tracks here.

network, you can set up documents to print the next time you connect to the network printer. 1 Choose Print in the application program you are using. Click Print in the dialog box. The following dialog box appears: 2 Click Print Later. The next time you connect to an AppleTalk network printer, this document is printed. 84 Chapter 7

The safety instructions in the first part of this book also apply when you are traveling. In addition, note these precautions: m Do not transport your PowerBook while it is turned on. Put your computer to sleep or shut it down before you move it. m Transport batteries either inside the computer or with the protective slider covering the battery contacts. Do not transport unprotected batteries. m Do not check your computer as baggage. Carry it with you. m Have security officials manually inspect your computer and disks if you do not want to pass them through X-ray machines. m Take the system software disks that came with your computer with you in case you need to reinstall system software. m Be prepared to show security officials that your computer is working. Have a charged battery or a power adapter ready to use. m Some airlines may restrict or prohibit the use of computers in flight. Check ahead to find out what restrictions, if any, apply. m Take the necessary plug adapters if you’re traveling overseas. (You may need to use them with the power adapter.) You do not need a voltage transformer. The power adapter can handle 90 volts to 260 volts AC (48 Hz to 62 Hz). Check the diagrams below to determine which plug adapters you’ll need, or ask your travel agent. Outlet Type Locations United States, Canada, parts of Latin America, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan Former Soviet Union, most of Europe, parts of Latin America, the Middle East, parts of Africa, Hong Kong, India, most of South Asia Mexico, United Kingdom, Ireland, Malaysia, Singapore, parts of Africa China, Australia, New Zealand 85 Customizing And Traveling With Your PowerBook

1 Save your work on a hard disk or floppy disks. 2 Choose Shut Down from the Special menu. 3 Close the display. 4 Recharge the battery or batteries. Be sure your batteries are fully charged if you are taking the computer places where you cannot plug it in. 5 Store the computer in a cool, dry place. Storage temperatures should remain between 10°C and 40°C (between 50°F and 104°F). Avoid leaving the computer where temperatures may be extreme or unpredictable—in the trunk of a car, for example. Service and support If your computer is malfunctioning but does not appear to be physically damaged, shut it down (and leave the power adapter plugged in, if possible) until you can get help. If you know or suspect that your computer is physically damaged, disconnect the power adapter, remove the battery, and do not use the computer until it can be repaired. See the service and support information that came with your computer for information about customer assistance. 86 Chapter 7

scanners, and printers—that communicates with your computer by means of a standard electronic interface. (SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface.) You can attach up to 6 SCSI devices to your computer by linking them together in a chain that starts at your computer’s SCSI port. The SCSI port on PowerBook computers looks like this: To connect a SCSI device to the SCSI port on your PowerBook, you need an Apple HDI-30 SCSI System Cable or equivalent. SCSI port icon SCSI port 87 8 Using SCSI Devices Refer to this chapter for information about connecting SCSI devices and using your PowerBook as a SCSI disk.

m installing software m setting SCSI ID numbers m checking that the SCSI chain is properly terminated m connecting cables These steps are described in the following sections. Installing software Most SCSI devices come with software that allows your computer to communicate with them. These programs are called drivers. (If no drivers come with a device, then it doesn’t need any.) To install a driver, follow the instructions that came with the device. Setting SCSI ID numbers Each device in a SCSI chain must have a unique ID number between 1 and 6 so the computer can identify it properly. Your computer has the SCSI ID number 7, and its internal hard disk has the number 0. See the documentation that came with your SCSI devices for information about ID numbers and how to change them. WARNING Using two or more devices with the same SCSI ID number can cause your equipment to malfunction. You could lose information as a result. 88 Chapter 8

The ID numbers of Apple SCSI devices can be set as follows. 1 Make sure the SCSI device is turned off. If the device is already part of a SCSI chain, make sure that all devices in the chain are turned off, including the computer. 2 Locate the ID number indicator and switch (usually on the back panel of the SCSI device). 3 Check the ID numbers of all the devices you want to connect. If all the devices have unique ID numbers, you can continue with the next section, “Checking That the SCSI Chain Is Properly Terminated.” 4 If you need to change a device’s ID number, choose an available number between 1 and 6. 5 Insert the end of a straightened paper clip into the small hole below the ID number. 6 Push repeatedly until the number you want appears. ID number switch ID number indicator 5 5

To ensure accurate transmission of information, a chain of SCSI devices must have a terminator at each end. Terminators are built into some SCSI devices and can also be added externally. m Your PowerBook’s internal hard disk, which is the first device in the chain, has a built-in terminator. However, you should also add external terminators as described in these instructions. m External SCSI devices from Apple do not have built-in terminators. m External SCSI devices from other vendors may have built-in terminators; see the documentation that came with the device. If you are attaching one SCSI device Make sure that there is m an external terminator between the system cable and the SCSI device and m a terminator (internal or external) on the SCSI device. If you are attaching more than one SCSI device Make sure that there is m a terminator (internal or external) on the last SCSI device; and m no other terminators (internal or external) or other external devices in the chain. If you have too many devices with internal terminators, your Apple- authorized service provider can remove extra terminators. Chain configurations are shown in the illustration in step 6 of the following section. SCSI terminator 90 Chapter 8

2 Connect an Apple HDI-30 SCSI System Cable to your computer. Attach the smaller end of the cable to your computer’s SCSI port (marked with the icon g). 3 If necessary, connect a terminator to the system cable. If you are attaching only one SCSI device, see the section “If You Are Attaching One SCSI Device” in “Checking That the SCSI Chain Is Properly Terminated.” If you are attaching more than one SCSI device, see “If You Are Attaching More Than One SCSI Device” in “Checking That the SCSI Chain Is Properly Terminated.” 4 Connect the terminator or system cable to either port on the SCSI device. 5 To connect the next device, use a SCSI peripheral interface cable. Both ends are the same. Attach one connector to the available SCSI port on the first device, and the other connector to either SCSI port on the next device. WARNING When making SCSI connections, always turn off power to all devices in the chain, including your computer. If you don’t you could lose information and damage your equipment. 91 Using SCSI Devices

port. The illustration shows where to add cable terminators. IMPORTANT The total length of a SCSI chain should not exceed 20 feet (6 meters). Apple SCSI cables are designed to meet this restriction. If you are using SCSI cables from another vendor, check the length of the chain. WARNING Once your SCSI devices are connected, always turn them on before turning on your PowerBook. If you turn the computer on first, it may not be able to start up, or it may not recognize the SCSI devices. If this SCSI device has an internal terminator, omit this external terminator. HDI-30 cable SCSI peripheral interface cables Connecting more than one SCSI device If this SCSI device has an internal terminator, omit this external terminator. Terminator HDI-30 cable Connecting one SCSI device 92 Chapter 8

You can purchase a cable called the Apple HDI-30 SCSI Disk Adapter which lets you connect your PowerBook to another computer as a hard disk. The PowerBook appears on the desktop of the other computer as a hard disk icon, and you can transfer information between the computers by dragging files. This feature is called SCSI disk mode. Connecting your computer as a SCSI disk Before making any connections, you need to assign a unique SCSI ID number to the PowerBook. 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu of your PowerBook computer. 2 Open the PowerBook Setup control panel. 3 In the SCSI Disk Mode ID section of the control panel, click the ID number you want to assign. If you are connecting the PowerBook to an existing SCSI chain, make sure to give it an ID number different from those of the other devices. 4 Close the PowerBook Setup control panel. 5 Turn off the PowerBook by choosing Shut Down from the Special menu. WARNING Follow the steps for connecting and disconnecting SCSI devices carefully to avoid loss of information and damage to your equipment. 93 Using SCSI Devices

chain. 7 Connect the PowerBook to the other computer or, if there are already devices attached, to the end of the SCSI chain. Remove the terminator from the last device in an existing chain before connecting the PowerBook. 8 Turn on the PowerBook by pressing the power button. After a few seconds a SCSI icon appears on the screen, showing the ID number you assigned in step 3. 9 Turn on the other SCSI devices in the chain, if any. 10 Turn on the other computer. The PowerBook appears as a hard disk icon on the screen of the computer you connected it to. You can now transfer and use files as if the PowerBook were an external disk drive. WARNING If you do not see the SCSI icon, and the computer either starts normally or displays an error message, choose Shut Down (if you can) and then immediately disconnect your computer from the SCSI chain. If you can’t choose Shut Down, try pressing the power button. If you cannot shut down your PowerBook, you should disconnect the cable anyway, or you may lose information. Then go back and repeat steps 6 through 8. WARNING Always shut down the PowerBook before connecting or disconnecting the SCSI disk adapter cable. Connecting the adapter cable while the computer is turned on can damage the computer. 94 Chapter 8

If you regularly plan to use your PowerBook as a SCSI disk with the same computer, you can leave the SCSI disk adapter cable attached to the other computer or its . When you want to use your PowerBook as a SCSI disk, simply shut down all devices and connect the adapter cable to the SCSI port on your PowerBook. Drawing battery power in SCSI disk mode Your PowerBook continues to draw battery power when you use it as a SCSI disk. Low battery power is indicated by a blinking low-power warning on the PowerBook’s screen. If you see this warning while using your computer as a SCSI disk, either plug in the power adapter or quit SCSI disk mode, as described in the next section, so you can remove the battery for recharging. WARNING Always disconnect your PowerBook from the adapter cable when you are not using it as a SCSI disk. Your PowerBook will not work correctly if the adapter cable remains attached. Connect and disconnect your computer here. These cables can stay attached to your desktop Macintosh or its SCSI chain. HDI-30 SCSI disk adapter 95 Using SCSI Devices

1 Shut down the computer your PowerBook is connected to. 2 Tap the Power On (I) key once to turn the PowerBook off. 3 Turn off any other SCSI devices in the chain. 4 Disconnect the PowerBook from the adapter cable. If you regularly plan to connect your PowerBook to the same computer, you can leave the adapter cable attached to the SCSI chain or the other computer. See “Simplifying the SCSI Disk Connection Process,” in “Using Your PowerBook as a SCSI Disk,” earlier in this chapter. IMPORTANT Do not leave the adapter cable attached to the PowerBook. If you do, the computer will behave as though it is still in SCSI disk mode when you try to restart. 5 If necessary, disconnect the adapter cable from the other computer or its SCSI chain. Your equipment is now ready for normal use. Make sure that the SCSI chain is properly terminated. 96 Chapter 8

monitors. Contact your Apple-authorized dealer for information on which monitors are compatible with your PowerBook. To connect an external monitor, you need the PowerBook video adapter cable that comes with your computer. Your PowerBook also supports most VGA monitors. To connect a VGA monitor, you need an adapter cable, which should come from the same source as the monitor. An external monitor connected to your computer can function as an extension of your PowerBook’s built-in screen—that is, you can drag objects from one screen to another and do your work on either one. Or you can show the same image on both screens. 97 9 Using an External Monitor Refer to this chapter if you want to use an external monitor in addition to the built-in PowerBook display.

To connect a monitor, follow these steps. (If you are connecting a monitor from a manufacturer other than Apple, be sure to read its manual.) 1 Choose Shut Down or Sleep from the Special menu. If you connect a monitor with your computer turned on, the computer will not recognize the monitor. 2 Plug in the power adapter that came with your PowerBook. You must use the power adapter whenever you are using an external monitor. 3 Place the monitor where you will be using it. Keep the computer and the monitor at least 8 inches apart to avoid interference between the monitor and your computer’s floppy disk drive, which can cause errors on your floppy disks. Arrange the monitor so the top of the screen is slightly below eye level while you work. Position the monitor to minimize glare and reflections on the screen from lights and windows. 4 Make sure the monitor’s power cord is attached to the monitor, then plug the other end into a grounded outlet or power strip. If your monitor’s power cord is designed to plug into the power receptacle on the back of a computer, rather than into an electrical outlet, you can obtain a cable with the correct plug from your Apple-authorized dealer. If you are using a power strip, make sure it is turned on. 8 inches minimum Floppy drive 98 Chapter 9

(Some monitors have an attached video cable.) 6 Attach the other end of the video cable to the PowerBook’s video adapter. 7 Attach the other end of the video adapter to the video port (™) on the computer’s back panel. 8 Turn on the external monitor. 9 Press the Power On key to turn on or wake your computer. Video port icon Video port Video port Video adapter Video cable 99 Using an External Monitor

Make sure that all your equipment is connected properly, and try pressing the Power On key again. Make sure that the power adapter is plugged into both the computer and an electrical outlet. If you are using a power strip, make sure it is turned on. m The computer is on, but the external monitor is dark. Make sure that the monitor’s power cord is connected, and that its power switch is on. Try adjusting the monitor’s brightness and contrast settings. If this doesn’t work, try restarting your computer. Activating the external monitor You must activate the external monitor each time you connect it to your computer in order to use it. 1 Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu, and open the Monitors control panel. You’ll see two rectangles representing your two monitors. 2 Click the rectangle 1 (representing your external monitor). 100 Chapter 9