Keysight Technologies MSO-X 2002A Operation & User’s Manual

Notices © Keysight Technologies, Inc. 2005-2017 No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Keysight Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright laws. Manual Part Number 75015-97057 Edition Eighth edition, August 2017 Printed in Malaysia Published by: Keysight Technologies, Inc. 1900 Garden of the Gods Road Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA Print History 75015-97000, January 2011 75015-97011, February 2011 75015-97012, June 2011 75015-97023, March 2012 75015-97034, July 2012 75015-97045, April 2013 75015-97056, April 2017 75015-97057, August 2017 Warranty The material contained in this document is provided "as is," and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions. Further, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Keysight disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, with regard to this manual and any information contained herein, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Keysight shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, use, or performance of this document or of any information contained herein. Should Keysight and the user have a separate written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these terms, the warranty terms in the separate agreement shall control. Technology License The hardware and/or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. U.S. Government Rights The Software is "commercial computer software," as defined by Federal Acquisition Regulation ("FAR") 2.101. Pursuant to FAR 12.212 and 27.405-3 and Department of Defense FAR Supplement ("DFARS") 227.7202, the U.S. government acquires commercial computer software under the same terms by which the software is customarily provided to the public. Accordingly, Keysight provides the Software to U.S. government customers under its standard commercial license, which is embodied in its End User License Agreement (EULA), a copy of which can be found at www.keysight.com/find/sweula. The license set forth in the EULA represents the exclusive authority by which the U.S. government may use, modify, distribute, or disclose the Software. The EULA and the license set forth therein, does not require or permit, among other things, that Keysight: (1) Furnish technical information related to commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation that is not customarily provided to the public; or (2) Relinquish to, or otherwise provide, the government rights in excess of these rights customarily provided to the public to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or disclose commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation. No additional government requirements beyond those set forth in the EULA shall apply, except to the extent that those terms, rights, or licenses are explicitly required from all providers of commercial computer software pursuant to the FAR and the DFARS and are set forth specifically in writing elsewhere in the EULA. Keysight shall be under no obligation to update, revise or otherwise modify the Software. With respect to any technical data as defined by FAR 2.101, pursuant to FAR 12.211 and 27.404.2 and DFARS 227.7102, the U.S. government acquires no greater than Limited Rights as defined in FAR 27.401 or DFAR 227.7103-5 (c), as applicable in any technical data. Safety Notices This product has been designed and tested in accordance with accepted industry standards, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The documentation contains information and warnings that must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the product in a safe condition. CAUTION A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to the product or loss of important data. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

3 WARNING A WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal injury or death. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series Oscilloscopes—At a Glance The Keysight InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series oscilloscopes deliver these features: • 70 MHz, 100 MHz, and 200 MHz bandwidth models. • 2- and 4-channel digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) models. • 2+8-channel and 4+8-channel mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) models. Table 1 2000 X-Series Model Numbers, Bandwidths Bandwidth 70 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 2-Channel + 8 Logic Channels MSO MSO-X 2002A MSO-X 2012A MSO-X 2022A 4-Channel + 8 Logic Channels MSO MSO-X 2004A MSO-X 2014A MSO-X 2024A 2-Channel DSO DSO-X 2002A DSO-X 2012A DSO-X 2022A 4-Channel DSO DSO-X 2004A DSO-X 2014A DSO-X 2024A

5 An MSO lets you debug your mixed-signal designs using analog signals and tightly correlated digital signals simultaneously. The 8 digital channels have a 1 GSa/s sample rate, with a 50 MHz toggle rate. • 8.5 inch WVGA display. • Interleaved 2 GSa/s or non-interleaved 1 GSa/s sample rate. • 100 Kpts per channel MegaZoom IV acquisition memory for the fastest waveform update rates, uncompromised. Upgradeable to 1 Mpts per channel. • All knobs are pushable for making quick selections. • Trigger types: edge, pulse width, pattern, and video. • Serial decode/trigger options for: CAN/LIN, I2C/SPI, and UART/RS232. There is a Lister for displaying serial decode packets. Digital channels and serial decode cannot be on at the same time. The [Serial] key takes precedence over the [Digital] key. Serial triggers can be used when digital channels are on. • Math waveforms: add, subtract, multiply, and FFT. • Reference waveforms (2) for comparing with other channel or math waveforms. • Many built-in measurements. • Built-in license-enabled waveform generator with: sine, square, ramp, pulse, DC, noise. • USB ports make printing, saving and sharing data easy. • Optional LAN/VGA module for connecting to a network and displaying the screen on a different monitor. • Optional GPIB module. • A Quick Help system is built into the oscilloscope. Press and hold any key to display Quick Help. Complete instructions for using the quick help system are given in “Access the Built-In Quick Help" on page 47. For more information about InfiniiVision oscilloscopes, see: www.keysight.com/find/scope

In This Guide This guide shows how to use the InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series oscilloscopes. When unpacking and using the oscilloscope for the first time, see: • Chapter 1, “Getting Started,” starting on page 23 When displaying waveforms and acquired data, see: • Chapter 2, “Horizontal Controls,” starting on page 49 • Chapter 3, “Vertical Controls,” starting on page 63 • Chapter 4, “Math Waveforms,” starting on page 71 • Chapter 5, “Reference Waveforms,” starting on page 85 • Chapter 6, “Digital Channels,” starting on page 89 • Chapter 7, “Serial Decode,” starting on page 107 • Chapter 8, “Display Settings,” starting on page 113 • Chapter 9, “Labels,” starting on page 119 When setting up triggers or changing how data is acquired, see: • Chapter 10, “Triggers,” starting on page 125 • Chapter 11, “Trigger Mode/Coupling,” starting on page 147 • Chapter 12, “Acquisition Control,” starting on page 155 Making measurements and analyzing data: • Chapter 13, “Cursors,” starting on page 171 • Chapter 14, “Measurements,” starting on page 181 • Chapter 15, “Mask Testing,” starting on page 201 • Chapter 16, “Digital Voltmeter,” starting on page 213 When using the built-in waveform generator, see: • Chapter 17, “Waveform Generator,” starting on page 217 When saving, recalling, or printing, see: • Chapter 18, “Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data),” starting on page 229 • Chapter 19, “Print (Screens),” starting on page 241 When using the oscilloscope's utility functions or web interface, see: • Chapter 20, “Utility Settings,” starting on page 247 • Chapter 21, “Web Interface,” starting on page 267 all-guides.co m

7 For reference information, see: • Chapter 22, “Reference,” starting on page 283 When using licensed serial bus triggering and decode features, see: • Chapter 23, “CAN/LIN Triggering and Serial Decode,” starting on page 301 • Chapter 24, “I2C/SPI Triggering and Serial Decode,” starting on page 317 • Chapter 25, “UART/RS232 Triggering and Serial Decode,” starting on page 335 NOTE Abbreviated instructions for pressing a series of keys and softkeys Instructions for pressing a series of keys are written in an abbreviated manner. Instructions for pressing [Key1], then pressing Softkey2, then pressing Softkey3 are abbreviated as follows: Press [Key1]> Softkey2 > Softkey3. The keys may be a front panel [Key] or a Softkey. Softkeys are the six keys located directly below the oscilloscope display.

9 Contents InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series Oscilloscopes—At a Glance / 4 In This Guide / 6 1 Getting Started Inspect the Package Contents / 23 Install the Optional LAN/VGA or GPIB Module / 26 Tilt the Oscilloscope for Easy Viewing / 26 Power-On the Oscilloscope / 27 Connect Probes to the Oscilloscope / 28 Maximum input voltage at analog inputs / 28 Do not float the oscilloscope chassis / 29 Input a Waveform / 29 Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup / 29 Use Auto Scale / 30 Compensate Passive Probes / 32 Learn the Front Panel Controls and Connectors / 33 Front Panel Overlays for Different Languages / 41 Learn the Rear Panel Connectors / 43 Learn the Oscilloscope Display / 45 Access the Built-In Quick Help / 47

2 Horizontal Controls To adjust the horizontal (time/div) scale / 50 To adjust the horizontal delay (position) / 51 Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped Acquisitions / 52 To change the horizontal time mode (Normal, XY, or Roll) / 52 XY Time Mode / 53 To display the zoomed time base / 56 To change the horizontal scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting / 57 To position the time reference (left, center, right) / 58 Searching for Events / 58 To set up searches / 59 Navigating the Time Base / 59 To navigate time / 59 To navigate search events / 60 To navigate segments / 60 3 Vertical Controls To turn waveforms on or off (channel or math) / 64 To adjust the vertical scale / 65 To adjust the vertical position / 65 To specify channel coupling / 65 To specify bandwidth limiting / 66 To change the vertical scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting / 66 To invert a waveform / 67 Setting Analog Channel Probe Options / 67

11 To specify the channel units / 68 To specify the probe attenuation / 68 To specify the probe skew / 69 4 Math Waveforms To display math waveforms / 71 To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation / 72 To adjust the math waveform scale and offset / 73 Units for Math Waveforms / 73 Math Operators / 74 Add or Subtract / 74 Multiply or Divide / 75 Math Transforms / 76 FFT Measurement / 76 5 Reference Waveforms To save a waveform to a reference waveform location / 85 To display a reference waveform / 86 To scale and position reference waveforms / 87 To adjust reference waveform skew / 87 To display reference waveform information / 88 To save/recall reference waveform files to/from a USB storage device / 88 6 Digital Channels To connect the digital probes to the device under test / 89 Probe cable for digital channels / 90 Acquiring waveforms using the digital channels / 93 all-guides.co m

To display digital channels using AutoScale / 93 Interpreting the digital waveform display / 94 To change the displayed size of the digital channels / 95 To switch a single channel on or off / 96 To switch all digital channels on or off / 96 To switch groups of channels on or off / 96 To change the logic threshold for digital channels / 96 To reposition a digital channel / 97 To display digital channels as a bus / 98 Digital channel signal fidelity: Probe impedance and grounding / 101 Input Impedance / 101 Probe Grounding / 103 Best Probing Practices / 105 7 Serial Decode Serial Decode Options / 107 Lister / 108 Searching Lister Data / 110 8 Display Settings To adjust waveform intensity / 113 To set or clear persistence / 115 To clear the display / 116 To select the grid type / 116 To adjust the grid intensity / 117 To freeze the display / 117

13 9 Labels To turn the label display on or off / 119 To assign a predefined label to a channel / 120 To define a new label / 121 To load a list of labels from a text file you create / 122 To reset the label library to the factory default / 123 10 Triggers Adjusting the Trigger Level / 126 Forcing a Trigger / 127 Edge Trigger / 127 Pattern Trigger / 130 Hex Bus Pattern Trigger / 132 Pulse Width Trigger / 132 Video Trigger / 135 To trigger on a specific line of video / 138 To trigger on all sync pulses / 140 To trigger on a specific field of the video signal / 140 To trigger on all fields of the video signal / 141 To trigger on odd or even fields / 142 Serial Trigger / 144 11 Trigger Mode/Coupling To select the Auto or Normal trigger mode / 148 To select the trigger coupling / 149 To enable or disable trigger noise rejection / 151 To enable or disable trigger HF Reject / 151 To set the trigger holdoff / 152

External Trigger Input / 152 Maximum voltage at oscilloscope external trigger input / 153 12 Acquisition Control Running, Stopping, and Making Single Acquisitions (Run Control) / 155 Overview of Sampling / 156 Sampling Theory / 157 Aliasing / 157 Oscilloscope Bandwidth and Sample Rate / 157 Oscilloscope Rise Time / 159 Oscilloscope Bandwidth Required / 160 Memory Depth and Sample Rate / 160 Selecting the Acquisition Mode / 161 Normal Acquisition Mode / 162 Peak Detect Acquisition Mode / 162 Averaging Acquisition Mode / 164 High Resolution Acquisition Mode / 166 Acquiring to Segmented Memory / 167 Navigating Segments / 168 Infinite Persistence with Segmented Memory / 169 Segmented Memory Re-Arm Time / 169 Saving Data from Segmented Memory / 169 13 Cursors To make cursor measurements / 172 Cursor Examples / 175 14 Measurements To make automatic measurements / 182

15 Measurements Summary / 184 Snapshot All / 185 Voltage Measurements / 186 Peak-Peak / 186 Maximum / 187 Minimum / 187 Amplitude / 187 Top / 187 Base / 188 Overshoot / 188 Preshoot / 189 Average / 190 DC RMS / 190 AC RMS / 191 Time Measurements / 193 Period / 193 Frequency / 194 + Width / 195 – Width / 195 Duty Cycle / 195 Rise Time / 195 Fall Time / 195 Delay / 196 Phase / 197 Measurement Thresholds / 198 Measurement Window with Zoom Display / 200 15 Mask Testing To create a mask from a "golden" waveform (Automask) / 201 Mask Test Setup Options / 203 Mask Statistics / 206

To manually modify a mask file / 207 Building a Mask File / 210 How is mask testing done? / 212 16 Digital Voltmeter 17 Waveform Generator To select generated waveform types and settings / 217 To output the waveform generator sync pulse / 220 To specify the expected output load / 220 To use waveform generator logic presets / 221 To add noise to the waveform generator output / 222 To add modulation to the waveform generator output / 222 To set up Amplitude Modulation (AM) / 223 To set up Frequency Modulation (FM) / 224 To set up Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation (FSK) / 226 To restore waveform generator defaults / 227 18 Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data) Saving Setups, Screen Images, or Data / 229 To save setup files / 231 To save BMP or PNG image files / 231 To save CSV, ASCII XY, or BIN data files / 232 Length Control / 233 To save Lister data files / 234 To save reference waveform files to a USB storage device / 235 To save masks / 235 To navigate storage locations / 236 To enter file names / 236 Recalling Setups, Masks, or Reference Waveforms / 237 all-guides.co m

17 To recall setup files / 237 To recall mask files / 238 To recall reference waveform files from a USB storage device / 238 Recalling Default Setups / 238 Performing a Secure Erase / 239 19 Print (Screens) To print the oscilloscope's display / 241 To set up network printer connections / 242 To specify the print options / 244 To specify the palette option / 244 20 Utility Settings I/O Interface Settings / 247 Setting up the Oscilloscope's LAN Connection / 248 To establish a LAN connection / 249 Stand-alone (Point-to-Point) Connection to a PC / 250 File Explorer / 251 Setting Oscilloscope Preferences / 253 To choose "expand about" center or ground / 253 To disable/enable transparent backgrounds / 254 To load the default label library / 254 To set up the screen saver / 254 To set AutoScale preferences / 255 Setting the Oscilloscope's Clock / 256 Setting the Rear Panel TRIG OUT Source / 256 Performing Service Tasks / 257 To perform user calibration / 257

To perform hardware self test / 260 To perform front panel self test / 261 To display oscilloscope information / 261 To display the user calibration status / 261 To clean the oscilloscope / 261 To check warranty and extended services status / 261 To contact Keysight / 262 To return the instrument / 262 Configuring the [Quick Action] Key / 262 Adding an Annotation / 263 21 Web Interface Accessing the Web Interface / 268 Browser Web Control / 269 Real Scope Remote Front Panel / 270 Simple Remote Front Panel / 271 Browser-Based Remote Front Panel / 272 Remote Programming via the Web Interface / 273 Remote Programming with Keysight IO Libraries / 274 Save/Recall / 275 Saving Files via the Web Interface / 275 Recalling Files via the Web Interface / 276 Get Image / 277 Identification Function / 278 Instrument Utilities / 278 Setting a Password / 280 22 Reference Specifications and Characteristics / 283 Measurement Category / 283

19 Oscilloscope Measurement Category / 283 Measurement Category Definitions / 284 Maximum Input Voltages / 284 Maximum input voltage at analog inputs / 284 Maximum input voltage at digital channels / 285 Environmental Conditions / 285 Probes and Accessories / 285 Loading Licenses and Displaying License Information / 286 Licensed Options Available / 286 Other Options Available / 287 Upgrading to an MSO / 287 Software and Firmware Updates / 288 Binary Data (.bin) Format / 288 Binary Data in MATLAB / 289 Binary Header Format / 289 Example Program for Reading Binary Data / 292 Examples of Binary Files / 292 CSV and ASCII XY files / 295 CSV and ASCII XY file structure / 296 Minimum and Maximum Values in CSV Files / 296 Acknowledgements / 297 Product Markings and Regulatory Information / 299 23 CAN/LIN Triggering and Serial Decode Setup for CAN Signals / 301 CAN Triggering / 303 CAN Serial Decode / 305

Interpreting CAN Decode / 306 CAN Totalizer / 307 Interpreting CAN Lister Data / 308 Searching for CAN Data in the Lister / 309 Setup for LIN Signals / 309 LIN Triggering / 311 LIN Serial Decode / 312 Interpreting LIN Decode / 314 Interpreting LIN Lister Data / 315 Searching for LIN Data in the Lister / 316 24 I2C/SPI Triggering and Serial Decode Setup for I2C Signals / 317 I2C Triggering / 318 I2C Serial Decode / 322 Interpreting I2C Decode / 323 Interpreting I2C Lister Data / 324 Searching for I2C Data in the Lister / 324 Setup for SPI Signals / 325 SPI Triggering / 329 SPI Serial Decode / 331 Interpreting SPI Decode / 332 Interpreting SPI Lister Data / 333 Searching for SPI Data in the Lister / 333 25 UART/RS232 Triggering and Serial Decode Setup for UART/RS232 Signals / 335 UART/RS232 Triggering / 337 UART/RS232 Serial Decode / 339

21 Interpreting UART/RS232 Decode / 340 UART/RS232 Totalizer / 341 Interpreting UART/RS232 Lister Data / 342 Searching for UART/RS232 Data in the Lister / 342 Index all-guides.co m

User's Guide 1 Getting Started Inspect the Package Contents / 23 Tilt the Oscilloscope for Easy Viewing / 26 Power-On the Oscilloscope / 27 Connect Probes to the Oscilloscope / 28 Input a Waveform / 29 Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup / 29 Use Auto Scale / 30 Compensate Passive Probes / 32 Learn the Front Panel Controls and Connectors / 33 Learn the Rear Panel Connectors / 43 Learn the Oscilloscope Display / 45 Access the Built-In Quick Help / 47 This chapter describes the steps you take when using the oscilloscope for the first time. Inspect the Package Contents • Inspect the shipping container for damage. If your shipping container appears to be damaged, keep the shipping container or cushioning material until you have inspected the contents of the shipment for completeness and have checked the oscilloscope mechanically and electrically. • Verify that you received the following items and any optional accessories you may have ordered:

1 Getting Started • InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series oscilloscope. • Power cord (country of origin determines specific type). • Oscilloscope probes: • Two probes for 2-channel models. • Four probes for 4-channel models. • Documentation CD-ROM.

25 See Also • “Probes and Accessories" on page 285 InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series oscilloscope Power cord (Based on country of origin) Documentation CD N2841A probes (Qty 2 or 4) N2755-60001 Digital Probe Kit (MSO models only)

1 Getting Started Install the Optional LAN/VGA or GPIB Module If you need to install a DSOXLAN LAN/VGA module or a DSOXGPIB GPIB module, perform this installation before you power on the oscilloscope. 1 If you need to remove a module before installing a different module, pinch the module's spring tabs, and gently remove the module from the slot. 2 To install a module, slide the module into the slot on the back until it is fully seated. The module's spring tabs will latch into the slot, keeping the module in place. Tilt the Oscilloscope for Easy Viewing There are tabs under the oscilloscope's front feet that can be flipped out to tilt the oscilloscope. ~ ~ 100 Watts MAX 100-240V, 50/60Hz 100-120V, 50/60/400Hz WARNING: MAIN TAIN GROUND TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK LAN/VGA Module GPIB Module Module Slot NOTE The LAN/VGA or GPIB module must be installed before powering on the oscilloscope. all-guides.co m

27 Power-On the Oscilloscope Power Requirements Line voltage, frequency, and power: • ~Line 100-120 Vac, 50/60/400 Hz • 100-240 Vac, 50/60 Hz • 100 W max Ventilation Requirements The air intake and exhaust areas must be free from obstructions. Unrestricted air flow is required for proper cooling. Always ensure that the air intake and exhaust areas are free from obstructions. The fan draws air in from the left side and bottom of the oscilloscope and pushes it out behind the oscilloscope. Flip-Out Tabs CAUTION This instrument has auto-ranging line voltage input. Be sure the supply voltage is within the specified range and voltage fluctuations do not to exceed 10 percent of the nominal supply voltage.

1 Getting Started When using the oscilloscope in a bench-top setting, provide at least 2" clearance at the sides and 4" (100 mm) clearance above and behind the oscilloscope for proper cooling. To power-on the oscilloscope 1 Connect the power cord to the rear of the oscilloscope, then to a suitable AC voltage source. Route the power cord so the oscilloscope's feet and legs do not pinch the cord. Install the instrument so that the detachable power cord is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator. The detachable power cord is the instrument disconnecting device. It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the instrument. The front panel switch is only a standby switch and is not a LINE switch. Alternatively, an externally installed switch or circuit breaker (which is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator) may be used as a disconnecting device. 2 The oscilloscope automatically adjusts for input line voltages in the range 100 to 240 VAC. The line cord provided is matched to the country of origin. 3 Press the power switch. The power switch is located on the lower left corner of the front panel. The oscilloscope will perform a self-test and will be operational in a few seconds. Connect Probes to the Oscilloscope 1 Connect the oscilloscope probe to an oscilloscope channel BNC connector. 2 Connect the probe's retractable hook tip to the point of interest on the circuit or device under test. Be sure to connect the probe ground lead to a ground point on the circuit. WARNING Always use a grounded power cord. Do not defeat the power cord ground. CAUTION Maximum input voltage at analog inputs 135 Vrms

29 Input a Waveform The first signal to input to the oscilloscope is the Demo 2, Probe Comp signal. This signal is used for compensating probes. 1 Connect an oscilloscope probe from channel 1 to the Demo 2 (Probe Comp) terminal on the front panel. 2 Connect the probe's ground lead to the ground terminal (next to the Demo 2 terminal). Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup To recall the default oscilloscope setup: 1 Press [Default Setup]. The default setup restores the oscilloscope's default settings. This places the oscilloscope in a known operating condition. The major default settings are: CAUTION When measuring voltages over 30 V, use a 10:1 probe. CAUTION Do not float the oscilloscope chassis Defeating the ground connection and "floating" the oscilloscope chassis will probably result in inaccurate measurements and may also cause equipment damage. The probe ground lead is connected to the oscilloscope chassis and the ground wire in the power cord. If you need to measure between two live points, use a differential probe with sufficient dynamic range. WARNING Do not negate the protective action of the ground connection to the oscilloscope. The oscilloscope must remain grounded through its power cord. Defeating the ground creates an electric shock hazard.

1 Getting Started In the Save/Recall Menu, there are also options for restoring the complete factory settings (see “Recalling Default Setups" on page 238) or performing a secure erase (see “Performing a Secure Erase" on page 239). Use Auto Scale Use [Auto Scale] to automatically configure the oscilloscope to best display the input signals. 1 Press [Auto Scale]. You should see a waveform on the oscilloscope's display similar to this: Table 2 Default Configuration Settings Horizontal Normal mode, 100 µs/div scale, 0 s delay, center time reference. Vertical (Analog) Channel 1 on, 5 V/div scale, DC coupling, 0 V position. Trigger Edge trigger, Auto trigger mode, 0 V level, channel 1 source, DC coupling, rising edge slope, 40 ns holdoff time. Display Persistence off, 20% grid intensity. Other Acquire mode normal, [Run/Stop] to Run, cursors and measurements off. Labels All custom labels that you have created in the Label Library are preserved (not erased), but all channel labels will be set to their original names.

31 2 If you want to return to the oscilloscope settings that existed before, press Undo AutoScale. 3 If you want to enable "fast debug" autoscaling, change the channels autoscaled, or preserve the acquisition mode during autoscale, press Fast Debug, Channels, or Acq Mode. These are the same softkeys that appear in the AutoScale Preferences Menu. See “To set AutoScale preferences" on page 255. If you see the waveform, but the square wave is not shaped correctly as shown above, perform the procedure “Compensate Passive Probes" on page 32. If you do not see the waveform, make sure the probe is connected securely to the front panel channel input BNC and to the left side, Demo 2, Probe Comp terminal. How AutoScale Works Auto Scale analyzes any waveforms present at each channel and at the external trigger input. This includes the digital channels, if connected. Auto Scale finds, turns on, and scales any channel with a repetitive waveform that has a frequency of at least 25 Hz, a duty cycle greater than 0.5%, and an amplitude of at least 10 mV peak-to-peak. Any channels that do not meet these requirements are turned off. all-guides.co m

1 Getting Started The trigger source is selected by looking for the first valid waveform starting with external trigger, then continuing with the lowest number analog channel up to the highest number analog channel, and finally (if digital probes are connected) the highest number digital channel. During Auto Scale, the delay is set to 0.0 seconds, the horizontal time/div (sweep speed) setting is a function of the input signal (about 2 periods of the triggered signal on the screen), and the triggering mode is set to Edge. Compensate Passive Probes Each oscilloscope passive probe must be compensated to match the input characteristics of the oscilloscope channel to which it is connected. A poorly compensated probe can introduce significant measurement errors. 1 Input the Probe Comp signal (see “Input a Waveform" on page 29). 2 Press [Default Setup] to recall the default oscilloscope setup (see “Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup" on page 29). 3 Press [Auto Scale] to automatically configure the oscilloscope for the Probe Comp signal (see “Use Auto Scale" on page 30). 4 Press the channel key to which the probe is connected ([1], [2], etc.). 5 In the Channel Menu, press Probe. 6 In the Channel Probe Menu, press Probe Check; then, follow the instructions on-screen. If necessary, use a nonmetallic tool (supplied with the probe) to adjust the trimmer capacitor on the probe for the flattest pulse possible. On the N2862/63/90 probes, the trimmer capacitor is the yellow adjustment on the probe tip. On other probes, the trimmer capacitor is located on the probe BNC connector.

33 7 Connect probes to all other oscilloscope channels (channel 2 of a 2-channel oscilloscope, or channels 2, 3, and 4 of a 4-channel oscilloscope). 8 Repeat the procedure for each channel. Learn the Front Panel Controls and Connectors On the front panel, key refers to any key (button) you can press. Softkey specifically refers to the six keys that are directly below the display. The legend for these keys is directly above them, on the display. Their functions change as you navigate through the oscilloscope's menus. For the following figure, refer to the numbered descriptions in the table that follows. Perfectly compensated Over compensated Under compensated

1 Getting Started 5. Tools keys 1. Power switch 2. Softkeys 3. [Intensity] key 4. Entry knob 6. Trigger controls 13. Waveform keys 18. Demo 2, Ground, and Demo 1 terminals 17. Analog channel inputs 19. USB Host port 15. [Help] key 14. File keys 8. Run Control keys 12. Measure controls 11. Additional waveform controls 7. Horizontal controls 10. [Auto Scale] key 9. [Default Setup] key 16 Vertical controls 21. Waveform generator output 20. Digital channel inputs 1. Power switch Press once to switch power on; press again to switch power off. See “Power-On the Oscilloscope" on page 27. 2. Softkeys The functions of these keys change based upon the menus shown on the display directly above the keys. The Back/Up key moves up in the softkey menu hierarchy. At the top of the hierarchy, the Back/Up key turns the menus off, and oscilloscope information is shown instead. 3. [Intensity] key Press the key to illuminate it. When illuminated, turn the Entry knob to adjust waveform intensity. You can vary the intensity control to bring out signal detail, much like an analog oscilloscope. Digital channel waveform intensity is not adjustable. More details about using the Intensity control to view signal detail are on “To adjust waveform intensity" on page 113. Back Back

35 4. Entry knob The Entry knob is used to select items from menus and to change values. The function of the Entry knob changes based upon the current menu and softkey selections. Note that the curved arrow symbol above the entry knob illuminates whenever the entry knob can be used to select a value. Also, note that when the Entry knob symbol appears on a softkey, you can use the Entry knob, to select values. Often, rotating the Entry knob is enough to make a selection. Sometimes, you can push the Entry knob to enable or disable a selection. Pushing the Entry knob also makes popup menus disappear. 5. Tools keys The Tools keys consist of: • [Utility] key — Press this key to access the Utility Menu, which lets you configure the oscilloscope's I/O settings, use the file explorer, set preferences, access the service menu, and choose other options. See Chapter 20, “Utility Settings,” starting on page 247. • [Quick Action] key — Press this key to perform the selected quick action: measure all snapshot, print, save, recall, freeze display. and more. See “Configuring the [Quick Action] Key" on page 262. • [Analyze] key — Press this key to access analysis features like mask testing (see Chapter 15, “Mask Testing,” starting on page 201), trigger level setting, measurement threshold setting, or Video trigger automatic set up and display. • [Wave Gen] key — Press this key to access waveform generator functions. See Chapter 17, “Waveform Generator,” starting on page 217. 6. Trigger controls These controls determine how the oscilloscope triggers to capture data. See Chapter 10, “Triggers,” starting on page 125 and Chapter 11, “Trigger Mode/Coupling,” starting on page 147.

1 Getting Started 7. Horizontal controls The Horizontal controls consist of: • Horizontal scale knob — Turn the knob in the Horizontal section that is marked to adjust the time/div (sweep speed) setting. The symbols under the knob indicate that this control has the effect of spreading out or zooming in on the waveform using the horizontal scale. • Horizontal position knob — Turn the knob marked to pan through the waveform data horizontally. You can see the captured waveform before the trigger (turn the knob clockwise) or after the trigger (turn the knob counterclockwise). If you pan through the waveform when the oscilloscope is stopped (not in Run mode) then you are looking at the waveform data from the last acquisition taken. • [Horiz] key — Press this key to open the Horizontal Menu where you can select XY and Roll modes, enable or disable Zoom, enable or disable horizontal time/division fine adjustment, and select the trigger time reference point. • Zoom key — Press the zoom key to split the oscilloscope display into Normal and Zoom sections without opening the Horizontal Menu. • [Search] key — Lets you search for events in the acquired data. • [Navigate] keys — Press this key to navigate through captured data (Time), search events, or segmented memory acquisitions. See “Navigating the Time Base" on page 59. For more information see Chapter 2, “Horizontal Controls,” starting on page 49. 8. Run Control keys When the [Run/Stop] key is green, the oscilloscope is running, that is, acquiring data when trigger conditions are met. To stop acquiring data, press [Run/Stop]. When the [Run/Stop] key is red, data acquisition is stopped. To start acquiring data, press [Run/Stop]. To capture and display a single acquisition (whether the oscilloscope is running or stopped), press [Single]. The [Single] key is yellow until the oscilloscope triggers. For more information, see “Running, Stopping, and Making Single Acquisitions (Run Control)" on page 155. 9. [Default Setup] key Press this key to restore the oscilloscope's default settings (details on “Recall the Default Oscilloscope Setup" on page 29). all-guides.co m

37 10. [Auto Scale] key When you press the [AutoScale] key, the oscilloscope will quickly determine which channels have activity, and it will turn these channels on and scale them to display the input signals. See “Use Auto Scale" on page 30.

1 Getting Started 11. Additional waveform controls The additional waveform controls consist of: • [Math] key — provides access to math (add, subtract, etc.) waveform functions. See Chapter 4, “Math Waveforms,” starting on page 71. • [Ref] key — provides access to reference waveform functions. Reference waveforms are saved waveforms that can be displayed and compared against other analog channel or math waveforms. See Chapter 5, “Reference Waveforms,” starting on page 85. • [Digital] key — Press this key to turn the digital channels on or off (the arrow to the left will illuminate). When the arrow to the left of the [Digital] key is illuminated, the upper multiplexed knob selects (and highlights in red) individual digital channels, and the lower multiplexed knob positions the selected digital channel. If a trace is repositioned over an existing trace the indicator at the left edge of the trace will change from Dn designation (where n is a one digit channel number from 0 to 7) to D*. The "*" indicates that two channels are overlaid. You can rotate the upper knob to select an overlaid channel, then rotate the lower knob to position it just as you would any other channel. For more information on digital channels see Chapter 6, “Digital Channels,” starting on page 89. • [Serial] key — This key is used to enable serial decode. The multiplexed scale and position knobs are not used with serial decode. For more information on serial decode, see Chapter 7, “Serial Decode,” starting on page 107. Digital channels and serial decode cannot be on at the same time. The [Serial] key takes precedence over the [Digital] key. Serial triggers can be used when digital channels are on. • Multiplexed scale knob — This scale knob is used with Math, Ref, or Digital waveforms, whichever has the illuminated arrow to the left. For math and reference waveforms, the scale knob acts like an analog channel vertical scale knob. • Multiplexed position knob — This position knob is used with Math, Ref, or Digital waveforms, whichever has the illuminated arrow to the left. For math and reference waveforms, the position knob acts like an analog channel vertical position knob.

39 12. Measure controls The measure controls consist of: • Cursors knob — Push this knob select cursors from a popup menu. Then, after the popup menu closes (either by timeout or by pushing the knob again), rotate the knob to adjust the selected cursor position. • [Cursors] key — Press this key to open a menu that lets you select the cursors mode and source. • [Meas] key — Press this key to access a set of predefined measurements. See Chapter 14, “Measurements,” starting on page 181. 13. Waveform keys The [Acquire] key lets you select Normal, Peak Detect, Averaging, or High Resolution acquisition modes (see “Selecting the Acquisition Mode" on page 161) and use segmented memory (see “Acquiring to Segmented Memory" on page 167). The [Display] key lets you access the menu where you can enable persistence (see “To set or clear persistence" on page 115), clear the display, and adjust the display grid (graticule) intensity (see “To adjust the grid intensity" on page 117). 14. File keys Press the [Save/Recall] key to save or recall a waveform or setup. See Chapter 18, “Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data),” starting on page 229. The [Print] key opens the Print Configuration Menu so you can print the displayed waveforms. See Chapter 19, “Print (Screens),” starting on page 241. 15. [Help] key Opens the Help Menu where you can display overview help topics and select the Language. See also “Access the Built-In Quick Help" on page 47.

1 Getting Started 16. Vertical controls The Vertical controls consist of: • Analog channel on/off keys — Use these keys to switch a channel on or off, or to access a channel's menu in the softkeys. There is one channel on/off key for each analog channel. • Vertical scale knob — There are knobs marked for each channel. Use these knobs to change the vertical sensitivity (gain) of each analog channel. • Vertical position knobs — Use these knobs to change a channel's vertical position on the display. There is one Vertical Position control for each analog channel. • [Label] key — Press this key to access the Label Menu, which lets you enter labels to identify each trace on the oscilloscope display. See Chapter 9, “Labels,” starting on page 119. For more information, see Chapter 3, “Vertical Controls,” starting on page 63. 17. Analog channel inputs Attach oscilloscope probes or BNC cables to these BNC connectors. In the InfiniiVision 2000 X-Series oscilloscopes, the analog channel inputs have 1 MΩ impedance. Also, there is no automatic probe detection, so you must properly set the probe attenuation for accurate measurement results. See “To specify the probe attenuation" on page 68. 18. Demo 2, Ground, and Demo 1 terminals • Demo 2 terminal — This terminal outputs the Probe Comp signal which helps you match a probe's input capacitance to the oscilloscope channel to which it is connected. See “Compensate Passive Probes" on page 32. With certain licensed features, the oscilloscope can also output demo or training signals on this terminal. • Ground terminal — Use the ground terminal for oscilloscope probes connected to the Demo 1 or Demo 2 terminals. • Demo 1 terminal — With certain licensed features, the oscilloscope can output demo or training signals on this terminal.

41 Front Panel Overlays for Different Languages Front panel overlays, which have translations for the English front panel keys and label text, are available in 10 languages. The appropriate overlay is included when the localization option is chosen at time of purchase. To install a front panel overlay: 1 Gently pull on the front panel knobs to remove them. 2 Insert the overlay's side tabs into the slots on the front panel. 19. USB Host port This port is for connecting USB mass storage devices or printers to the oscilloscope. Connect a USB compliant mass storage device (flash drive, disk drive, etc.) to save or recall oscilloscope setup files and reference waveforms or to save data and screen images. See Chapter 18, “Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data),” starting on page 229. To print, connect a USB compliant printer. For more information about printing see Chapter 19, “Print (Screens),” starting on page 241. You can also use the USB port to update the oscilloscope's system software when updates are available. You do not need to take special precautions before removing the USB mass storage device from the oscilloscope (you do not need to "eject" it). Simply unplug the USB mass storage device from the oscilloscope when the file operation is complete. CAUTION: Do not connect a host computer to the oscilloscope's USB host port. Use the device port. A host computer sees the oscilloscope as a device, so connect the host computer to the oscilloscope's device port (on the rear panel). See “I/O Interface Settings" on page 247. There is a second USB host port on the back panel. 20. Digital channel inputs Connect the digital probe cable to this connector (MSO models only). See Chapter 6, “Digital Channels,” starting on page 89. 21. Waveform generator output Outputs sine, square, ramp, pulse, DC, or noise on the Gen Out BNC. Press the [Wave Gen] key to set up the waveform generator. See Chapter 17, “Waveform Generator,” starting on page 217. all-guides.co m

1 Getting Started 3 Reinstall the front panel knobs. Front panel overlays may be ordered from www.parts.keysight.com using the following part numbers:

43 Learn the Rear Panel Connectors For the following figure, refer to the numbered descriptions in the table that follows. Language 2 Channel Overlay 4 Channel Overlay French 75019-94324 75019-94316 German 75019-94326 75019-94318 Italian 75019-94323 75019-94331 Japanese 75019-94311 75019-94312 Korean 75019-94329 75019-94321 Polish 75019-94335 75019-94334 Portuguese 75019-94327 75019-94319 Russian 75019-94322 75019-94315 Simplified Chinese 75019-94328 75019-94320 Spanish 75019-94325 75019-94317 Thai 75019-94333 75019-94332 Traditional Chinese 75019-94330 75019-94310

1 Getting Started 1. Power cord connector Attach the power cord here. 2. Kensington lock hole This is where you can attach a Kensington lock for securing the instrument. 3. Module slot No modules are included with the oscilloscope. A DSOXLAN LAN/VGA module may be ordered and installed separately. • LAN port — lets you communicate with the oscilloscope and use the Remote Front Panel feature using the LAN port. See Chapter 21, “Web Interface,” starting on page 267 and “Accessing the Web Interface" on page 268. • VGA video output — lets you connect an external monitor or projector to provide a larger display or to provide a display at a viewing position away from the oscilloscope. The oscilloscope's built-in display remains on even when an external display is connected. The video output connector is always active. For optimal video quality and performance, we recommend you use a shielded video cable with ferrite cores. Also, a DSOXGPIB GPIB module may be ordered and installed separately. 4. TRIG OUT connector Trigger output BNC connector. See “Setting the Rear Panel TRIG OUT Source" on page 256. ~ ~ 100 Watts MAX 100-240V, 50/60Hz 100-120V, 50/60/400Hz WARNING: MAIN TAIN GROUND TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK 8. USB Device port 3. LAN/VGA option module 3. GPIB option module 7. USB Host port 1. Power cord connector 2. Kensington lock hole 4. TRIG OUT connector 5. Calibration protect button 6. EXT TRIG IN connector 3. Module slot

45 Learn the Oscilloscope Display The oscilloscope display contains acquired waveforms, setup information, measurement results, and the softkey definitions. 5. Calibration protect button See “To perform user calibration" on page 257. 6. EXT TRIG IN connector External trigger input BNC connector. See “External Trigger Input" on page 152 for an explanation of this feature. 8. USB Device port This port is for connecting the oscilloscope to a host PC. You can issue remote commands from a host PC to the oscilloscope via the USB device port. See “Remote Programming with Keysight IO Libraries" on page 274. 7. USB Host port This port functions identically to the USB host port on the front panel. USB Host Port is used for saving data from the oscilloscope and loading software updates. See also USB Host port (see page 41).

1 Getting Started Figure 1 Interpreting the oscilloscope display Status line The top line of the display contains vertical, horizontal, and trigger setup information. Display area The display area contains the waveform acquisitions, channel identifiers, and analog trigger, and ground level indicators. Each analog channel's information appears in a different color. Signal detail is displayed using 256 levels of intensity. For more information about viewing signal detail see “To adjust waveform intensity" on page 113. For more information about display modes see Chapter 8, “Display Settings,” starting on page 113. Information area The information area normally contains acquisition, analog channel, automatic measurement, and cursor results. Menu line This line normally contains menu name or other information associated with the selected menu. Analog channel sensitivity Status line Analog channels and ground levels Trigger level Digital channels Softkeys Menu line Trigger point, time reference Delay time Time/ div Run/Stop status Trigger type Trigger source Measurements Trigger level or digital threshold Information area Cursors defining measurement all-guides.co m

47 Access the Built-In Quick Help To view Quick Help 1 Press and hold the key or softkey for which you would like to view help. Quick Help remains on the screen until another key is pressed or a knob is turned. To select the user interface and Quick Help language To select the user interface and Quick Help language: 1 Press [Help], then press the Language softkey. 2 Repeatedly press and release the Language softkey or rotate the Entry knob until the desired language is selected. Softkey labels These labels describe softkey functions. Typically, softkeys let you set up additional parameters for the selected mode or menu. Pressing the Back/Up key at the top of the menu hierarchy turns off softkey labels and displays additional status information describing channel offset and other configuration parameters. Back Quick Help message Press and hold front panel key or softkey (or right-click softkey when using web browser remote front panel).

1 Getting Started The following languages are available: English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, and Traditional Chinese.

User's Guide 2 Horizontal Controls To adjust the horizontal (time/div) scale / 50 To adjust the horizontal delay (position) / 51 Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped Acquisitions / 52 To change the horizontal time mode (Normal, XY, or Roll) / 52 To display the zoomed time base / 56 To change the horizontal scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting / 57 To position the time reference (left, center, right) / 58 Searching for Events / 58 Navigating the Time Base / 59 The horizontal controls include: • The horizontal scale and position knobs. • The [Horiz] key for accessing the Horizontal Menu. • The zoom key for quickly enabling/disabling the split-screen zoom display. • The [Search] key for finding events on analog channels or in serial decode. • The [Navigate] keys for navigating time, search events, or segmented memory acquisitions. The following figure shows the Horizontal Menu which appears after pressing the [Horiz] key.

2 Horizontal Controls The Horizontal Menu lets you select the time mode (Normal, XY, or Roll), enable Zoom, set the time base fine control (vernier), and specify the time reference. The current sample rate is displayed above the Fine and Time Ref softkeys. To adjust the horizontal (time/div) scale 1 Turn the large horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob marked to change the horizontal time/div setting. Notice how the time/div information in the status line changes. Figure 2 Horizontal Menu Trigger point Sample rate Time reference Delay time Time/ div Trigger source Trigger level or threshold XY or Roll mode Normal time mode Zoomed time base Fine control Time reference

51 The ∇ symbol at the top of the display indicates the time reference point. The horizontal scale knob works (in the Normal time mode) while acquisitions are running or when they are stopped. When running, adjusting the horizontal scale knob changes the sample rate. When stopped, adjusting the horizontal scale knob lets you zoom into acquired data. See “Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped Acquisitions" on page 52. Note that the horizontal scale knob has a different purpose in the Zoom display. See “To display the zoomed time base" on page 56. To adjust the horizontal delay (position) 1 Turn the horizontal delay (position) knob ( ). The trigger point moves horizontally, pausing at 0.00 s (mimicking a mechanical detent), and the delay value is displayed in the status line. Changing the delay time moves the trigger point (solid inverted triangle) horizontally and indicates how far it is from the time reference point (hollow inverted triangle ∇). These reference points are indicated along the top of the display grid. Figure 2 shows the trigger point with the delay time set to 200 µs. The delay time number tells you how far the time reference point is located from the trigger point. When delay time is set to zero, the delay time indicator overlays the time reference indicator. All events displayed left of the trigger point happened before the trigger occurred. These events are called pre-trigger information, and they show events that led up to the trigger point. Everything to the right of the trigger point is called post-trigger information. The amount of delay range (pre-trigger and post-trigger information) available depends on the time/div selected and memory depth. The horizontal position knob works (in the Normal time mode) while acquisitions are running or when they are stopped. When running, adjusting the horizontal scale knob changes the sample rate. When stopped, adjusting the horizontal scale knob lets you zoom into acquired data. See “Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped Acquisitions" on page 52. all-guides.co m

2 Horizontal Controls Note that the horizontal position knob has a different purpose in the Zoom display. See “To display the zoomed time base" on page 56. Panning and Zooming Single or Stopped Acquisitions When the oscilloscope is stopped, use the horizontal scale and position knobs to pan and zoom your waveform. The stopped display may contain several acquisitions worth of information, but only the last acquisition is available for pan and zoom. The ability to pan (move horizontally) and scale (expand or compress horizontally) an acquired waveform is important because of the additional insight it can reveal about the captured waveform. This additional insight is often gained from seeing the waveform at different levels of abstraction. You may want to view both the big picture and the specific little picture details. The ability to examine waveform detail after the waveform has been acquired is a benefit generally associated with digital oscilloscopes. Often this is simply the ability to freeze the display for the purpose of measuring with cursors or printing the screen. Some digital oscilloscopes go one step further by including the ability to further examine the signal details after acquiring them by panning through the waveform and changing the horizontal scale. There is no limit imposed on the scaling ratio between the time/div used to acquire the data and the time/div used to view the data. There is, however, a useful limit. This useful limit is somewhat a function of the signal you are analyzing. To change the horizontal time mode (Normal, XY, or Roll) 1 Press [Horiz]. 2 In the Horizontal Menu, press Time Mode; then, select: NOTE Zooming into stopped acquisitions The screen will still contain a relatively good display if you zoom-in horizontally by a factor of 1000 and zoom-in vertically by a factor of 10 to display the information from where it was acquired. Remember that you can only make automatic measurements on displayed data.

53 • Normal — the normal viewing mode for the oscilloscope. In the Normal time mode, signal events occurring before the trigger are plotted to the left of the trigger point (▼) and signal events after the trigger plotted to the right of the trigger point. • XY — XY mode changes the display from a volts-versus-time display to a volts-versus-volts display. The time base is turned off. Channel 1 amplitude is plotted on the X-axis and Channel 2 amplitude is plotted on the Y-axis. You can use XY mode to compare frequency and phase relationships between two signals. XY mode can also be used with transducers to display strain versus displacement, flow versus pressure, volts versus current, or voltage versus frequency. Use the cursors to make measurements on XY mode waveforms. For more information about using XY mode for measurements, refer to “XY Time Mode" on page 53. • Roll — causes the waveform to move slowly across the screen from right to left. It only operates on time base settings of 50 ms/div and slower. If the current time base setting is faster than the 50 ms/div limit, it will be set to 50 ms/div when Roll mode is entered. In Roll mode there is no trigger. The fixed reference point on the screen is the right edge of the screen and refers to the current moment in time. Events that have occurred are scrolled to the left of the reference point. Since there is no trigger, no pre-trigger information is available. If you would like to pause the display in Roll mode press the [Single] key. To clear the display and restart an acquisition in Roll mode, press the [Single] key again. Use Roll mode on low-frequency waveforms to yield a display much like a strip chart recorder. It allows the waveform to roll across the display. XY Time Mode The XY time mode converts the oscilloscope from a volts-versus-time display to a volts-versus-volts display using two input channels. Channel 1 is the X-axis input, channel 2 is the Y-axis input. You can use various transducers so the display could show strain versus displacement, flow versus pressure, volts versus current, or voltage versus frequency.

2 Horizontal Controls Example This exercise shows a common use of the XY display mode by measuring the phase difference between two signals of the same frequency with the Lissajous method. 1 Connect a sine wave signal to channel 1, and a sine wave signal of the same frequency but out of phase to channel 2. 2 Press the [AutoScale] key, press the [Horiz] key; then, press Time Mode and select "XY". 3 Center the signal on the display with the channel 1 and 2 position ( ) knobs. Use the channel 1 and 2 volts/div knobs and the channel 1 and 2 Fine softkeys to expand the signal for convenient viewing. The phase difference angle (θ) can be calculated using the following formula (assuming the amplitude is the same on both channels): 4 Press the [Cursors] key. 5 Set the Y2 cursor to the top of the signal, and set Y1 to the bottom of the signal. Note the ΔY value at the bottom of the display. In this example, we are using the Y cursors, but you could have used the X cursors instead. Figure 3 XY time mode signals, centered on display sinθ = A BorC D A B D C Signal must be centered in “ X” Measuring phase difference Signals 90 degrees out of phase Signals in phase

55 6 Move the Y1 and Y2 cursors to the intersection of the signal and the Y axis. Again, note the ΔY value. 7 Calculate the phase difference using the formula below. For example, if the first ΔY value is 1.688 and the second ΔY value is 1.031: Figure 4 Phase difference measurements, automatic and using cursors sinθ = second Δ Y first Δ Y = 1.031 1.688; θ = 37.65 degrees of phase shift NOTE Z-Axis Input in XY Display Mode (Blanking) When you select the XY display mode, the time base is turned off. Channel 1 is the X-axis input, channel 2 is the Y-axis input, and the rear panel EXT TRIG IN is the Z-axis input. If you only want to see portions of the Y versus X display, use the Z-axis input. Z-axis turns the trace on and off (analog oscilloscopes called this Z-axis blanking because it turned the beam on and off). When Z is low (<1.4 V), Y versus X is displayed; when Z is high (>1.4 V), the trace is turned off.

2 Horizontal Controls To display the zoomed time base Zoom, formerly called Delayed sweep mode, is a horizontally expanded version of the normal display. When Zoom is selected, the display divides in half. The top half of the display shows the normal time/div window and the bottom half displays a faster Zoom time/div window. The Zoom window is a magnified portion of the normal time/div window. You can use Zoom to locate and horizontally expand part of the normal window for a more detailed (higher-resolution) analysis of signals. To turn on (or off) Zoom: 1 Press the zoom key (or press the [Horiz] key and then the Zoom softkey). These markers show the beginning and end of the Zoom window Normal window Time/div for zoomed window Time/div for normal window Delay time momentarily displays when the Horizontal position knob is turned Zoom window Signal anomaly expanded in zoom window Select Zoom all-guides.co m

57 The area of the normal display that is expanded is outlined with a box and the rest of the normal display is ghosted. The box shows the portion of the normal sweep that is expanded in the lower half. To change the time/div for the Zoom window, turn the horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob. As you turn the knob, the zoomed window time/div is highlighted in the status line above the waveform display area. The Horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob controls the size of the box. The Horizontal position (delay time) knob sets the left-to-right position of the zoom window. The delay value, which is the time displayed relative to the trigger point) is momentarily displayed in the upper-right portion of the display when the delay time ( ) knob is turned. Negative delay values indicate you're looking at a portion of the waveform before the trigger event, and positive values indicate you're looking at the waveform after the trigger event. To change the time/div of the normal window, turn off Zoom; then, turn the horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob. For information about using zoom mode for measurements, refer to “To isolate a pulse for Top measurement" on page 187 and “To isolate an event for frequency measurement" on page 194. To change the horizontal scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting 1 Push the horizontal scale knob (or press [Horiz] > Fine) to toggle between fine and coarse adjustment of the horizontal scale. When Fine is enabled, turning the horizontal scale knob changes the time/div (displayed in the status line at the top of the display) in smaller increments. The time/div remains fully calibrated when Fine is on. When Fine is turned off, the Horizontal scale knob changes the time/div setting in a 1-2-5 step sequence.

2 Horizontal Controls To position the time reference (left, center, right) Time reference is the reference point on the display for delay time (horizontal position). 1 Press [Horiz]. 2 In the Horizontal Menu, press Time Ref; then, select: • Left — the time reference is set to one major division from the left edge of the display. • Center — the time reference is set to the center of the display. • Right — the time reference is set to one major division from the right edge of the display. A small hollow triangle (∇) at the top of the display grid marks the position of the time reference. When delay time is set to zero, the trigger point indicator (▼) overlays the time reference indicator. The time reference position sets the initial position of the trigger event within acquisition memory and on the display, with delay set to 0. Turning the Horizontal scale (sweep speed) knob expands or contracts the waveform about the time reference point (∇). See “To adjust the horizontal (time/div) scale" on page 50. Turning the Horizontal position ( ) knob in Normal mode (not Zoom) moves the trigger point indicator (▼) to the left or right of the time reference point (∇). See “To adjust the horizontal delay (position)" on page 51. Searching for Events You can use the [Search] key and menu to search for Serial events on the analog channels. Setting up searches (see “To set up searches" on page 59) is similar to setting up triggers. Searches are different than triggers in that they use the measurement threshold settings instead of trigger levels.

59 Found search events are marked with white triangles at the top of the graticule, and the number of events found is displayed in the menu line just above the sofkey labels. To set up searches 1 Press [Search]. 2 Setting up searches is similar to setting up triggers: • For setting up Serial searches, see Chapter 10, “Triggers,” starting on page 125 and “Searching Lister Data" on page 110. Remember that searches use the measurement threshold settings instead of trigger levels. Use the Thresholds softkey in the Search Menu to access the Measurement Threshold Menu. See “Measurement Thresholds" on page 198. Navigating the Time Base You can use the [Navigate] key and controls to navigate through: • Captured data (see “To navigate time" on page 59). • Search events (see “To navigate search events" on page 60). • Segments, when segmented memory acquisitions are turned on (see “To navigate segments" on page 60). To navigate time When acquisitions are stopped, you can use the navigation controls to play through the captured data. 1 Press [Navigate]. 2 In the Navigate Menu, press Navigate; then, select Time. 3 Press the navigation keys to play backward, stop, or play forward in time. You can press the or keys multiple times to speed up the playback. There are three speed levels.

2 Horizontal Controls To navigate search events When acquisitions are stopped, you can use the navigation controls to go to found search events (set using the [Search] key and menu, see “Searching for Events" on page 58). 1 Press [Navigate]. 2 In the Navigate Menu, press Navigate; then, select Search. 3 Press the back and forward keys to go to the previous or next search event. When searching Serial decode: • You can press the stop key to set or clear a mark. • The Auto zoom softkey specifies whether the waveform display is automatically zoomed to fit the marked row as you navigate. • Pressing the Scroll Lister softkey lets you use the Entry knob to scroll through data rows in the Lister display. To navigate segments When the segmented memory acquisition is enabled and acquisitions are stopped, you can use the navigation controls to play through the acquired segments. 1 Press [Navigate]. 2 In the Navigate Menu, press Navigate; then, select Segments. 3 Press Play Mode; then, select: • Manual — to play through segments manually. In the Manual play mode: • Press the back and forward keys to go to the previous or next segment. • Press the softkey to go to the first segment. • Press the softkey to go to the last segment. • Auto — to play through segments in an automated fashion. In the Auto play mode:

61 • Press the navigation keys to play backward, stop, or play forward in time. You can press the or keys multiple times to speed up the playback. There are three speed levels. all-guides.co m

User's Guide 3 Vertical Controls To turn waveforms on or off (channel or math) / 64 To adjust the vertical scale / 65 To adjust the vertical position / 65 To specify channel coupling / 65 To specify bandwidth limiting / 66 To change the vertical scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting / 66 To invert a waveform / 67 Setting Analog Channel Probe Options / 67 The vertical controls include: • The vertical scale and position knobs for each analog channel. • The channel keys for turning a channel on or off and accessing the channel's softkey menu. The following figure shows the Channel 1 Menu that appears after pressing the [1] channel key.

3 Vertical Controls The ground level of the signal for each displayed analog channel is identified by the position of the icon at the far-left side of the display. To turn waveforms on or off (channel or math) 1 Press an analog channel key turn the channel on or off (and to display the channel's menu). When a channel is on, its key is illuminated. Channel, Volts/div Channel 1 ground level Trigger source Trigger level or threshold Channel 2 ground level NOTE Turning channels off You must be viewing the menu for a channel before you can turn it off. For example, if channel 1 and channel 2 are turned on and the menu for channel 2 is being displayed, to turn channel 1 off, press [1] to display the channel 1 menu; then, press [1] again to turn channel 1 off.

65 To adjust the vertical scale 1 Turn the large knob above the channel key marked to set the vertical scale (volts/division) for the channel. The vertical scale knob changes the analog channel scale in a 1-2-5 step sequence (with a 1:1 probe attached) unless fine adjustment is enabled (see “To change the vertical scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting" on page 66). The analog channel Volts/Div value is displayed in the status line. The default mode for expanding the signal when you turn the volts/division knob is vertical expansion about the ground level of the channel; however, you can change this to expand about the center of the display. See “To choose "expand about" center or ground" on page 253. To adjust the vertical position 1 Turn the small vertical position knob ( ) to move the channel's waveform up or down on the display. The voltage value momentarily displayed in the upper right portion of the display represents the voltage difference between the vertical center of the display and the ground level ( ) icon. It also represents the voltage at the vertical center of the display if vertical expansion is set to expand about ground (see “To choose "expand about" center or ground" on page 253). To specify channel coupling Coupling changes the channel's input coupling to either AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current).

3 Vertical Controls 1 Press the desired channel key. 2 In the Channel Menu, press the Coupling softkey to select the input channel coupling: • DC — DC coupling is useful for viewing waveforms as low as 0 Hz that do not have large DC offsets. • AC — AC coupling is useful for viewing waveforms with large DC offsets. AC coupling places a 10 Hz high-pass filter in series with the input waveform that removes any DC offset voltage from the waveform. Note that Channel Coupling is independent of Trigger Coupling. To change trigger coupling see “To select the trigger coupling" on page 149. To specify bandwidth limiting 1 Press the desired channel key. 2 In the Channel Menu, press the BW Limit softkey to enable or disable bandwidth limiting. When bandwidth limit is on, the maximum bandwidth for the channel is approximately 20 MHz. For waveforms with frequencies below this, turning bandwidth limit on removes unwanted high frequency noise from the waveform. The bandwidth limit also limits the trigger signal path of any channel that has BW Limit turned on. To change the vertical scale knob's coarse/fine adjustment setting 1 Push the channel's vertical scale knob (or press the channel key and then the Fine softkey in the Channel Menu) to toggle between fine and coarse adjustment of the vertical scale. TIP If the channel is DC coupled, you can quickly measure the DC component of the signal by simply noting its distance from the ground symbol. If the channel is AC coupled, the DC component of the signal is removed, allowing you to use greater sensitivity to display the AC component of the signal. all-guides.co m

67 When Fine adjustment is selected, you can change the channel's vertical sensitivity in smaller increments. The channel sensitivity remains fully calibrated when Fine is on. The vertical scale value is displayed in the status line at the top of the display. When Fine is turned off, turning the volts/division knob changes the channel sensitivity in a 1-2-5 step sequence. To invert a waveform 1 Press the desired channel key. 2 In the Channel Menu, press the Invert softkey to invert the selected channel. When Invert is selected, the voltage values of the displayed waveform are inverted. Invert affects how a channel is displayed. However, when using basic triggers, the oscilloscope attempts to maintain the same trigger point by changing trigger settings. Inverting a channel also changes the result of any math function selected in the Waveform Math Menu or any measurement. Setting Analog Channel Probe Options 1 Press the probe's associated channel key. 2 In the Channel Menu, press the Probe softkey to display the Channel Probe Menu. This menu lets you select additional probe parameters such as attenuation factor and units of measurement for the connected probe. The Probe Check softkey guides you through the process of compensating passive probes (such as the N2841A, N2842A, N2843A, N2862A/B, N2863A/B, N2889A, N2890A, 10073C, 10074C, or 1165A probes).

3 Vertical Controls See Also • “To specify the channel units" on page 68 • “To specify the probe attenuation" on page 68 • “To specify the probe skew" on page 69 To specify the channel units 1 Press the probe's associated channel key. 2 In the Channel Menu, press Probe. 3 In the Channel Probe Menu, press Units; then, select: • Volts — for a voltage probe. • Amps — for a current probe. Channel sensitivity, trigger level, measurement results, and math functions will reflect the measurement units you have selected. To specify the probe attenuation The probe attenuation factor must be set properly for accurate measurement results. To set the probe attenuation factor: 1 Press the channel key. 2 Press the Probe softkey until you have selected how you want to specify the attenuation factor, choosing either Ratio or Decibels. 3 Turn the Entry knob to set the attenuation factor for the connected probe. When measuring voltage values, the attenuation factor can be set from 0.001:1 to 10000:1 in a 1-2-5 sequence. When measuring current values with a current probe, the attenuation factor can be set from 1000 V/A to 0.0001 V/A. When specifying the attenuation factor in decibels, you can select values from -60 dB to 80 dB. If Amps is chosen as the units and a manual attenuation factor is chosen, then the units as well as the attenuation factor are displayed above the Probe softkey.

69 To specify the probe skew When measuring time intervals in the nanoseconds (ns) range, small differences in cable length can affect the measurement. Use Skew to remove cable-delay errors between any two channels. 1 Probe the same point with both probes. 2 Press one of the probes associated channel key. 3 In the Channel Menu, press Probe. 4 In the Channel Probe Menu, press Skew; then, select the desired skew value. Each analog channel can be adjusted ±100 ns in 10 ps increments for a total of 200 ns difference. The skew setting is not affected by pressing [Default Setup] or [Auto Scale].

User's Guide 4 Math Waveforms To display math waveforms / 71 To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation / 72 To adjust the math waveform scale and offset / 73 Units for Math Waveforms / 73 Math Operators / 74 Math Transforms / 76 Math functions can be performed on analog channels. The resulting math waveform is displayed in light purple. You can use a math function on a channel even if you choose not to display the channel on-screen. You can: • Perform an arithmetic operation (like add, subtract, or multiply) on analog input channels. • Perform a transform function (like FFT) on an analog input channel. • Perform a transform function on the result of an arithmetic operation. To display math waveforms 1 Press the [Math] key on the front panel to display the Waveform Math Menu. all-guides.co m

4 Math Waveforms 2 If f(t) is not already shown on the Function softkey, press the Function sofkey and select f(t): Displayed. 3 Use the Operator softkey to select an operator or transform. For more information on the operators or transforms, see: • “Math Operators" on page 74 • “Math Transforms" on page 76 4 Use the Source 1 softkey to select the analog channel on which to perform math. You can rotate the Entry knob or repetitively press the Source 1 softkey to make your selection. If you choose a transform function (FFT) the result is displayed. 5 If you select an arithmetic operator, use the Source 2 softkey to select the second source for the arithmetic operation. The result is displayed. 6 To re-size and re-position the math waveform, see “To adjust the math waveform scale and offset" on page 73. To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation To perform a transform function (FFT) on an arithmetic operation (add, subtract, or multiply): 1 Press the Function softkey and select g(t): Internal. 2 Use the Operator, Source 1, and Source 2 softkeys to set up an arithmetic operation. 3 Press the Function softkey and select f(t): Displayed. 4 Use the Operator softkey to select a transform function (FFT). TIP Math Operating Hints If the analog channel or math function is clipped (not fully displayed on screen) the resulting displayed math function will also be clipped. Once the function is displayed, the analog channel(s) may be turned off for better viewing of the math waveform. The vertical scaling and offset of each math function can be adjusted for ease of viewing and measurement considerations. The math function waveform can be measured using [Cursors] and/or [Meas].

73 5 Press the Source 1 softkey and select g(t) as the source. Note that g(t) is only available when you select a transform function in the previous step. To adjust the math waveform scale and offset 1 Make sure the multiplexed scale and position knobs to the right of the [Math] key are selected for the math waveform. If the arrow to the left of the [Math] key is not illuminated, press the key. 2 Use the multiplexed scale and position knobs just to the right of the [Math] key to re-size and re-position the math waveform. See Also • “Units for Math Waveforms" on page 73 Units for Math Waveforms Units for each input channel can be set to Volts or Amps using the Units softkey in the channel's Probe Menu. Units for math function waveforms are: NOTE Math Scale and Offset are Set Automatically Any time the currently displayed math function definition is changed, the function is automatically scaled for optimum vertical scale and offset. If you manually set scale and offset for a function, select a new function, then select the original function, the original function will be automatically rescaled. Math function Units add or subtract V or A multiply V2, A2, or W (Volt-Amp) FFT dB* (decibels). See also “FFT Units" on page 81.

4 Math Waveforms A scale unit of U (undefined) will be displayed for math functions when two source channels are used and they are set to dissimilar units and the combination of units cannot be resolved. Math Operators Math operators perform arithmetic operations (add, subtract, or multiply) on analog input channels. • “Add or Subtract" on page 74 • “Multiply or Divide" on page 75 Add or Subtract When you select add or subtract, the Source 1 and Source 2 values are added or subtracted point by point, and the result is displayed. You can use subtract to make a differential measurement or to compare two waveforms. If your waveforms' DC offsets are larger than the dynamic range of the oscilloscope's input channels you will need to use a differential probe instead. * When the FFT source is channel 1, 2, 3 or 4, FFT units will be displayed in dBV when channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 1 MΩ. FFT units will be displayed in dBm when channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 50Ω. FFT units will be displayed as dB for all other FFT sources or when a source channel's units has been set to Amps. Math function Units

75 See Also • “Units for Math Waveforms" on page 73 Multiply or Divide When you select the multiply or divide math function, the Source 1 and Source 2 values are multiplied or divided point by point, and the result is displayed. The divide by zero case places holes (that is, zero values) in the output waveform. Multiply is useful for seeing power relationships when one of the channels is proportional to the current. Figure 5 Example of Subtract Channel 2 from Channel 1

4 Math Waveforms See Also • “Units for Math Waveforms" on page 73 Math Transforms Math transforms perform a transform function (FFT) on an analog input channel or on the result of an arithmetic operation. • “FFT Measurement" on page 76 FFT Measurement FFT is used to compute the fast Fourier transform using analog input channels or an arithmetic operation g(t). FFT takes the digitized time record of the specified source and transforms it to the frequency domain. When the FFT function is selected, the FFT spectrum is plotted on the oscilloscope display as magnitude in dBV versus frequency. The readout for the horizontal axis changes from time to frequency (Hertz) and the vertical readout changes from volts to dB. Figure 6 Example of Multiply Channel 1 by Channel 2 all-guides.co m

77 Use the FFT function to find crosstalk problems, to find distortion problems in analog waveforms caused by amplifier non-linearity, or for adjusting analog filters. To display a FFT waveform: 1 Press the [Math] key, press the Function softkey and select f(t), press the Operator softkey and select FFT. • Source 1 — selects the source for the FFT. (See “To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation" on page 72 for information about using g(t) as the source.) • Span — sets the overall width of the FFT spectrum that you see on the display (left to right). Divide span by 10 to calculate the number of Hertz per division. It is possible to set Span above the maximum available frequency, in which case the displayed spectrum will not take up the whole screen. Press the Span softkey, then turn the Entry knob to set the desired frequency span of the display. • Center — sets the FFT spectrum frequency represented at the center vertical grid line of the display. It is possible to set the Center to values below half the span or above the maximum available frequency, in which case the displayed spectrum will not take up the whole screen. Press the Center softkey, then turn the Entry knob to set the desired center frequency of the display. • Scale — lets you set your own vertical scale factors for FFT expressed in dB/div (decibels/division). See “To adjust the math waveform scale and offset" on page 73. • Offset — lets you set your own offset for the FFT. The offset value is in dB and is represented by the center horizontal grid line of the display. See “To adjust the math waveform scale and offset" on page 73. • More FFT — displays the More FFT Settings Menu. 2 Press the More FFT softkey to display additional FFT settings.

4 Math Waveforms • Window— selects a window to apply to your FFT input signal: • Hanning — window for making accurate frequency measurements or for resolving two frequencies that are close together. • Flat Top — window for making accurate amplitude measurements of frequency peaks. • Rectangular — good frequency resolution and amplitude accuracy, but use only where there will be no leakage effects. Use on self-windowing waveforms such as pseudo-random noise, impulses, sine bursts, and decaying sinusoids. • Blackman Harris — window reduces time resolution compared to a rectangular window, but improves the capacity to detect smaller impulses due to lower secondary lobes. • Vertical Units — lets you select Decibels or V RMS as the units for the FFT vertical scale. • Auto Setup — sets the frequency Span and Center to values that will cause the entire available spectrum to be displayed. The maximum available frequency is half the FFT sample rate, which is a function of the time per division setting. The FFT resolution is the quotient of the sampling rate and the number of FFT points (fS/N). The current FFT Resolution is displayed above the softkeys. 3 To make cursor measurements, press the [Cursors] key and set the Source softkey to Math: f(t). Use the X1 and X2 cursors to measure frequency values and difference between two frequency values (ΔX). Use the Y1 and Y2 cursors to measure amplitude in dB and difference in amplitude (ΔY). NOTE Scale and offset considerations If you do not manually change the FFT scale or offset settings, when you turn the horizontal scale knob, the span and center frequency settings will automatically change to allow optimum viewing of the full spectrum. If you do manually set scale or offset, turning the horizontal scale knob will not change the span or center frequency settings, allowing you see better detail around a specific frequency. Pressing the FFT Auto Setup softkey will automatically rescale the waveform and span and center will again automatically track the horizontal scale setting.

79 4 To make other measurements, press the [Meas] key and set the Source softkey to Math: f(t). You can make peak-to-peak, maximum, minimum, and average dB measurements on the FFT waveform. The following FFT spectrum was obtained by connecting a 4 V, 75 kHz square wave to channel 1. Set the horizontal scale to 50 µs/div, vertical sensitivity to 1 V/div, Units/div to 20 dBV, Offset to -60.0 dBV, Center frequency to 250 kHz, frequency Span to 500 kHz, and window to Hanning. See Also • “To perform a transform function on an arithmetic operation" on page 72 • “FFT Measurement Hints" on page 80 • “FFT Units" on page 81 • “FFT DC Value" on page 81 • “FFT Aliasing" on page 81 • “FFT Spectral Leakage" on page 83 • “Units for Math Waveforms" on page 73

4 Math Waveforms FFT Measurement Hints The number of points acquired for the FFT record can be up to 65,536, and when frequency span is at maximum, all points are displayed. Once the FFT spectrum is displayed, the frequency span and center frequency controls are used much like the controls of a spectrum analyzer to examine the frequency of interest in greater detail. Place the desired part of the waveform at the center of the screen and decrease frequency span to increase the display resolution. As frequency span is decreased, the number of points shown is reduced, and the display is magnified. While the FFT spectrum is displayed, use the [Math] and [Cursors] keys to switch between measurement functions and frequency domain controls in FFT Menu. Decreasing the effective sampling rate by selecting a greater time/div setting will increase the low frequency resolution of the FFT display and also increase the chance that an alias will be displayed. The resolution of the FFT is the effective sample rate divided by the number of points in the FFT. The actual resolution of the display will not be this fine as the shape of the window will be the actual limiting factor in the FFTs ability to resolve two closely space frequencies. A good way to test the ability of the FFT to resolve two closely spaced frequencies is to examine the sidebands of an amplitude modulated sine wave. For the best vertical accuracy on peak measurements: • Make sure the probe attenuation is set correctly. The probe attenuation is set from the Channel Menu if the operand is a channel. • Set the source sensitivity so that the input signal is near full screen, but not clipped. • Use the Flat Top window. • Set the FFT sensitivity to a sensitive range, such as 2 dB/division. For best frequency accuracy on peaks: • Use the Hanning window. • Use Cursors to place an X cursor on the frequency of interest. NOTE FFT Resolution The FFT resolution is the quotient of the sampling rate and the number of FFT points (fS/N). With a fixed number of FFT points (up to 65,536), the lower the sampling rate, the better the resolution.

81 • Adjust frequency span for better cursor placement. • Return to the Cursors Menu to fine tune the X cursor. For more information on the use of FFTs please refer to Keysight Application Note 243, The Fundamentals of Signal Analysis at http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5952-8898E.pdf. Additional information can be obtained from Chapter 4 of the book Spectrum and Network Measurements by Robert A. Witte. FFT Units 0 dBV is the amplitude of a 1 Vrms sinusoid. When the FFT source is channel 1 or channel 2 (or channel 3 or 4 on 4-channel models), FFT units will be displayed in dBV when channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 1 MΩ. FFT units will be displayed in dBm when channel units is set to Volts and channel impedance is set to 50Ω. FFT units will be displayed as dB for all other FFT sources or when a source channel's units has been set to Amps. FFT DC Value The FFT computation produces a DC value that is incorrect. It does not take the offset at center screen into account. The DC value is not corrected in order to accurately represent frequency components near DC. FFT Aliasing When using FFTs, it is important to be aware of frequency aliasing. This requires that the operator have some knowledge as to what the frequency domain should contain, and also consider the sampling rate, frequency span, and oscilloscope vertical bandwidth when making FFT measurements. The FFT resolution (the quotient of the sampling rate and the number of FFT points) is displayed directly above the softkeys when the FFT Menu is displayed. all-guides.co m

4 Math Waveforms Aliasing happens when there are frequency components in the signal higher than half the sample rate. Because the FFT spectrum is limited by this frequency, any higher components are displayed at a lower (aliased) frequency. The following figure illustrates aliasing. This is the spectrum of a 990 Hz square wave, which has many harmonics. The sample rate is set to 100 kSa/s, and the oscilloscope displays the spectrum. The displayed waveform shows the components of the input signal above the Nyquist frequency to be mirrored (aliased) on the display and reflected off the right edge. NOTE Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing in the Frequency Domain The Nyquist frequency is the highest frequency that any real-time digitizing oscilloscope can acquire without aliasing. This frequency is half of the sample rate. Frequencies above the Nyquist frequency will be under sampled, which causes aliasing. The Nyquist frequency is also called the folding frequency because aliased frequency components fold back from that frequency when viewing the frequency domain. Figure 7 Aliasing

83 Because the frequency span goes from ≈0 to the Nyquist frequency, the best way to prevent aliasing is to make sure that the frequency span is greater than the frequencies of significant energy present in the input signal. FFT Spectral Leakage The FFT operation assumes that the time record repeats. Unless there is an integral number of cycles of the sampled waveform in the record, a discontinuity is created at the end of the record. This is referred to as leakage. In order to minimize spectral leakage, windows that approach zero smoothly at the beginning and end of the signal are employed as filters to the FFT. The FFT Menu provides four windows: Hanning, Flat Top, Rectangular, and Blackman-Harris. For more information on leakage, see Keysight Application Note 243, The Fundamentals of Signal Analysis at http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5952-8898E.pdf.

User's Guide 5 Reference Waveforms To save a waveform to a reference waveform location / 85 To display a reference waveform / 86 To scale and position reference waveforms / 87 To adjust reference waveform skew / 87 To display reference waveform information / 88 To save/recall reference waveform files to/from a USB storage device / 88 Analog channel or math waveforms can be saved to one of two reference waveform locations in the oscilloscope. Then, a reference waveform can be displayed and compared against other waveforms. One reference waveform can be displayed at a time. When the multiplexed knobs are assigned to reference waveforms (this happens when you press the [Ref] key and the LED to the left of it is lit), you can use the knobs to scale and position reference waveforms. There is also a skew adjustment for reference waveforms. Reference waveform scale, offset, and skew information can optionally be included on the oscilloscope display. Analog channel, math, or reference waveforms can be saved to a reference waveform file on a USB storage device. You can recall a reference waveform file from a USB storage device into one of the reference waveform locations. To save a waveform to a reference waveform location 1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms. 2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Ref softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the desired reference waveform location. 3 Press the Source softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the source waveform.

5 Reference Waveforms 4 Press the Save to R1/R2 softkey to save the waveform to the reference waveform location. To clear a reference waveform location 1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms. 2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Ref softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the desired reference waveform location. 3 Press the Clear R1/R2 softkey to clear the reference waveform location. Reference waveforms are also cleared by a Factory Default or Secure Erase (see Chapter 18, “Save/Recall (Setups, Screens, Data),” starting on page 229). To display a reference waveform 1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms. 2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Ref softkey and turn the Entry knob to select the desired reference waveform location. 3 Then, press the Ref softkey again to enable/disable the reference waveform display. NOTE Reference waveforms are non-volatile — they remain after power cycling or performing a default setup. all-guides.co m

87 One reference waveform can be displayed at a time. See Also • “To display reference waveform information" on page 88 To scale and position reference waveforms 1 Make sure the multiplexed scale and position knobs to the right of the [Ref] key are selected for the reference waveform. If the arrow to the left of the [Ref] key is not illuminated, press the key. 2 Turn the upper multiplexed knob to adjust the reference waveform scale. 3 Turn the lower multiplexed knob to adjust the reference waveform position. To adjust reference waveform skew Once reference waveforms are displayed, you can adjust their skew. 1 Display the desired reference waveform (see “To display a reference waveform" on page 86).

5 Reference Waveforms 2 Press the Skew softkey and turn the Entry knob to adjust the reference waveform skew. To display reference waveform information 1 Press the [Ref] key to turn on reference waveforms. 2 In the Reference Waveform Menu, press the Options softkey. 3 In the Reference Waveform Options Menu, press the Display Info softkey to enable or disable reference waveform information on the oscilloscope display. 4 Press the Transparent softkey to enable or disable transparent information backgrounds. This setting is also used for other oscilloscope information on the display, like mask test statistics, etc. To save/recall reference waveform files to/from a USB storage device Analog channel, math, or reference waveforms can be saved to a reference waveform file on a USB storage device. See “To save reference waveform files to a USB storage device" on page 235. You can recall a reference waveform file from a USB storage device into one of the reference waveform locations. See “To recall reference waveform files from a USB storage device" on page 238.

User's Guide 6 Digital Channels To connect the digital probes to the device under test / 89 Acquiring waveforms using the digital channels / 93 To display digital channels using AutoScale / 93 Interpreting the digital waveform display / 94 To switch all digital channels on or off / 96 To switch groups of channels on or off / 96 To switch a single channel on or off / 96 To change the displayed size of the digital channels / 95 To reposition a digital channel / 97 To change the logic threshold for digital channels / 96 To display digital channels as a bus / 98 Digital channel signal fidelity: Probe impedance and grounding / 101 This chapter describes how to use the digital channels of a Mixed-Signal Oscilloscope (MSO). The digital channels are enabled on MSOX2000 X-Series models and DSOX2000 X-Series models that have the DSOX2MSO upgrade license installed. Digital channels and serial decode cannot be on at the same time. The [Serial] key takes precedence over the [Digital] key. Serial triggers can be used when digital channels are on. To connect the digital probes to the device under test 1 If necessary, turn off the power supply to the device under test.

6 Digital Channels Turning off power to the device under test would only prevent damage that might occur if you accidentally short two lines together while connecting probes. You can leave the oscilloscope powered on because no voltage appears at the probes. 2 Connect the digital probe cable to the DIGITAL Dn - D0 connector on the front panel of the mixed-signal oscilloscope. The digital probe cable is keyed so you can connect it only one way. You do not need to power-off the oscilloscope. 3 Connect the ground lead on each set of channels (each pod), using a probe grabber. The ground lead improves signal fidelity to the oscilloscope, ensuring accurate measurements. Off CAUTION Probe cable for digital channels Use only the Keysight logic probe and accessory kit supplied with the mixed-signal oscilloscope (see “Probes and Accessories" on page 285).

91 4 Connect a grabber to one of the probe leads. (Other probe leads are omitted from the figure for clarity.) 5 Connect the grabber to a node in the circuit you want to test. Channel Pod Ground Circuit Ground Grabber all-guides.co m

6 Digital Channels 6 For high-speed signals, connect a ground lead to the probe lead, connect a grabber to the ground lead, and attach the grabber to ground in the device under test. 7 Repeat these steps until you have connected all points of interest. Grabber Signal Ground

93 Acquiring waveforms using the digital channels When you press [Run/Stop] or [Single] to run the oscilloscope, the oscilloscope examines the input voltage at each input probe. When the trigger conditions are met the oscilloscope triggers and displays the acquisition. For digital channels, each time the oscilloscope takes a sample it compares the input voltage to the logic threshold. If the voltage is above the threshold, the oscilloscope stores a 1 in sample memory; otherwise, it stores a 0. To display digital channels using AutoScale When signals are connected to the digital channels — be sure to connect the ground leads — AutoScale quickly configures and displays the digital channels. • To configure the instrument quickly, press the [AutoScale] key. Signals Ground

6 Digital Channels Any digital channel with an active signal will be displayed. Any digital channels without active signals will be turned off. • To undo the effects of AutoScale, press the Undo AutoScale softkey before pressing any other key. This is useful if you have unintentionally pressed the [AutoScale] key or do not like the settings AutoScale has selected. This will return the oscilloscope to its previous settings. See also: “How AutoScale Works" on page 31. To set the instrument to the factory-default configuration, press the [Default Setup] key. Interpreting the digital waveform display The following figure shows a typical display with digital channels. Figure 8 Example: AutoScale of digital channels (MSO models only)

95 Activity indicator When any digital channels are turned on, an activity indicator is displayed in the status line at the bottom of the display. A digital channel can be always high ( ), always low ( ), or actively toggling logic states ( ). Any channel that is turned off will be grayed out in the activity indicator. To change the displayed size of the digital channels 1 Press the [Digital] key. 2 Press the size ( ) softkey to select how the digital channels are displayed. Activity indicators Delay time Time/ div Trigger type and source Threshold level Digital channel identifiers Waveform size Turn individual channels on/off Turn groups of channels on/off Threshold menu key Trigger mode or run status

6 Digital Channels The sizing control lets you spread out or compress the digital traces vertically on the display for more convenient viewing. To switch a single channel on or off 1 With the Digital Channel Menu displayed, rotate the Entry knob to select the desired channel from the popup menu. 2 Push the Entry knob or press the softkey that is directly below the popup menu to switch the selected channel on or off. To switch all digital channels on or off 1 Press the [Digital] key to toggle the display of digital channels. The Digital Channel Menu is displayed above the softkeys. If you want to switch the digital channels off, and the Digital Channel Menu is not already displayed, you must push the [Digital] key twice to switch the digital channels off. The first push displays the Digital Channel Menu, and the second push switches the channels off. To switch groups of channels on or off 1 Press the [Digital] key on the front panel if the Digital Channel Menu is not already displayed. 2 Press the Turn off (or Turn on) softkey for the D7 - D0 group. Each time you press the softkey, the softkey's mode toggles between Turn on and Turn off. To change the logic threshold for digital channels 1 Press the [Digital] key so that the Digital Channel Menu is displayed. 2 Press the Thresholds softkey all-guides.co m

97 3 Press the D7 - D0 softkey, then select a logic family preset or select User to define your own threshold. The threshold you set applies to all channels within the selected D7 - D0 group. Each of the two channel groups can be set to a different threshold if desired. Values greater than the set threshold are high (1) and values less than the set threshold are low (0). If the Thresholds softkey is set to User, press the User softkey for the channel group, then turn the Entry knob to set the logic threshold. There is one User softkey for each group of channels. To reposition a digital channel 1 Make sure the multiplexed scale and position knobs to the right of the key are selected for digital channels. If the arrow to the left of the [Digital] key is not illuminated, press the key. 2 Use the multiplexed Select knob to select the channel. The selected waveform is highlighted in red. 3 Use the multiplexed Position knob to move the selected channel waveform. If a channel waveform is repositioned over another channel waveform, the indicator at the left edge of the trace will change from Dnn designation (where nn is a one or two digit channel number) to D*. The "*" indicates that two channels are overlaid. Logic family Threshold Voltage TTL +1.4 V CMOS +2.5 V ECL –1.3 V User Variable from –8 V to +8 V

6 Digital Channels To display digital channels as a bus Digital channels may be grouped and displayed as a bus, with each bus value displayed at the bottom of the display in hex or binary. You can create up to two buses. To configure and display each bus, press the [Digital] key on the front panel. Then press the Bus softkey. Next, select a bus. Rotate the Entry knob, then press the Entry knob or the Bus1/Bus2 softkey to switch it on. Use the Channel softkey and the Entry knob to select individual channels to be included in the bus. You can rotate the Entry knob and push it or push the softkey to select channels. You can also press the Select/Deselect D7-D0 softkey to include or exclude groups of eight channels in each bus. If the bus display is blank, completely white, or if the display includes "...", you need to expand the horizontal scale to allow space for the data to be shown, or use the cursors to display the values (see “Using cursors to read bus values" on page 99). The Base softkey lets you choose to display the bus values in hex or binary. The buses are shown at the bottom of the display.

99 Bus values can be shown in hex or binary. Using cursors to read bus values To read the digital bus value at any point using the cursors: 1 Turn on Cursors (by pressing the [Cursors] key on the front panel) 2 Press the cursor Mode softkey and change the mode to Hex or Binary. 3 Press the Source softkey and select Bus1 or Bus2. 4 Use the Entry knob and the X1 and X2 softkeys to position the cursors where you want to read the bus values.

6 Digital Channels When you press the [Digital] key to display the Digital Channel Menu, the digital activity indicator is shown where the cursor values were and the bus values at the cursors are displayed in the graticule. Bus values are displayed when using Pattern trigger The bus values are also displayed when using the Pattern trigger function. Press the [Pattern] key on the front panel to display the Pattern Trigger Menu and the bus values will be displayed on the right, above the softkeys. The dollar sign ($) will be displayed in the bus value when the bus value cannot be displayed as a hex value. This occurs when one or more "don't cares" (X) are combined with low (0) and high (1) logic levels in the pattern specification, or when a transition indicator — rising edge ( ) or falling edge ( ) — are included in the pattern specification. A byte that consists of all don't cares (X) will be displayed in the bus as a don't care (X). Bus values at cursors shown here Bus values Set cursors mode to Binary or Hex Select Bus1 or Bus2 source X2 cursor X1 cursor