Epson P-80 Operation & User’s Manual

FOR AMERICAN USERS This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause interference to radio and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device in accordance with the specifications in Subpart J of part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause inter- ference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equip- ment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: - Reorient the receiving antenna - Relocate the computer with respect to the receiver - Plug the computer into a different outlet so that the computer and receiver are on different branch circuits. If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television techni- cian for additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful: “How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems.” This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Stock No. 004-000-00345-4. WARNING The connection of a non-shielded printer interface cable to this printer will invalidate the FCC Certification of this device and may cause interference levels which exceed the limits established by the FCC for this equipment. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without the prior written permission of Epson America, Inc. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, Epson America, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. PX-8 and Geneva are Trademarks of Epson America, Inc. Portable Scheduler is a Trademark of Epson America, Inc. Portable WordStar is a Trademark of MicroPro International Corp. Copyright © 1984 by Epson America, Inc. Torrance, California 90505 P8492128-0 Y552991020 ii

1 P-80 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Setting Up Your P-80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Printer Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Paper guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Ribbon installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Manual-feed knob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 DIP Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Switch 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Switch 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Connecting the P-80 to Your Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Switches and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The control panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Paper control switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Paper-end detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The Battery and AC Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Battery Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3 Installing Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Paper Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Paper sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Paper Release Lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Paper Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Removing the paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The P-80 Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 Control Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASCII Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Control Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASCII Codes as CHR$(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The ESCape code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BASIC Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27 28 29 29 30 iii

33 Dot-Matrix Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Print Pitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Pitch Mode Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Expandedmode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Print Quality Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Dress-up Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Mode Conflicts and Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Mixing Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Summary Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Graphics Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Dot Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Print Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Graphics Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Column reservation numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 PinLabels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 A Graphics Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Graphics Programming Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Linespacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 WIDTH statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Semicolons and commands placement . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ASCII Codes and Character Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 ASCII Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 International Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Graphics Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 Control Code Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 Control Codes By Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Character Width (Pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Character Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Print Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode and Character Set Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Line Spacing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forms Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dot Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Your P-80 with the Geneva PX-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . P-80 and WordStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecting the Geneva to the P-80 ............... C-1 C-1 C-1 C-1 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 D-1 D-1 D-2 iv

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2 Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2 Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3 Interface Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3 Interface Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4 V

1-1 Unpacking the P-80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1-2 Identifying the printer parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1-3 Locking lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1-4 Paper guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-5 Lifting the front cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1-6 Installing the ribbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1-7 Manual-feed knob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1-8 DIP switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1-9 Connecting the printer cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2-1 Control panel switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2-2 Paper control switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2-3 Plugging in the AC adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2-4 Removing the screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2-5 Lifting the cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2-6 Removing the battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2-7 Replacing the power switch cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2-8 Replacing the battery holder cover . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3-1 Loading the paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3-2 The P-80 self-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5-1 Main columns and intermediate positions . . . . . . 34 5-2 Overlapping dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5-3 Comparison between print pitches . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5-4 Pica and Expanded letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5-5 Print quality differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 D-l Connecting the Geneva to the P-80 ............ D-3 Pin labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pin combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data for Space Invader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Result of incorrect program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 44 46 49 vi

........................ 10 1-2 International character switch settings . . . . . . . . . 11 1-3 Settings for switch 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1-4 Baud rate switch settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4-1 5-1 Summary of modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5-2 Typestyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 E-1 Characters................................................................... E-2 List of Tables The P-80 and ASCII Codes ....................... 28 vii

you to print anywhere you go. It adds state-of-the-art thermal transfer technology to other features that have made Epson printers so popu- lar. P-80 Features Because the P-80 is lightweight and portable, it is ideal to take along with you anywhere, yet it still functions as a full-sized printer. Here are some of the features: l Uses plain or thermal paper l Contains various print modes that can be combined to produce different print styles. These include: Roman and Italic print fonts Four different print pitches Bold printing l Has an easy-to-use Underline mode l Creates graphics with two densities and has a special graphics char- acter set to let you create your own charts, diagrams, figures and illustrations l Generates eight international character sets About This Manual Although the P-80 is simple to operate, you will need to take some time to read this manual and learn about the functions of the printer. This user’s manual is not long, but it contains a lot of important infor- mation. 1

maintain your printer. Chapter 4 contains information on how to use control codes with your printer. Chapter 5 shows you how to combine print modes and Chapter 6 explains the printer’s graphics features. The appendixes contain helpful information about selecting print styles and character sets and about using control codes to obtain cer- tain printer functions. Appendix A lists the control codes and the pos- sible terms for each code. Appendix A also shows the character sets available on the P-80. Appendix B summarizes the control codes and Appendix C lists the codes by function. Appendix D gives informa- tion on how to use your P-80 with the Geneva TM PX-8™. Finally, Appendix E provides the specifications for the P-80. 2

In this chapter, you’ll learn how to prepare your printer for opera- tion and how to connect it to your computer. But first, take inventory. With your P-80 you should receive the items shown in Figure 1-1. They are: 1. Your P-80 printer 2. Two thermal ribbon cassettes 3. An AC adapter 4. Five sheets of paper 5. This P-80 Printer User’s Manual Remove any packing adhesive or packing pads that you see. It’s a good idea to save all your packing materials. You may want to store or ship your printer someday. Printer Preparation Once you have verified that all the items for the printer are included, you’re ready to prepare the printer for operation. Start by identifying the printer’s main parts (see Figure l-2). Take a couple of minutes to familiarize yourself with these parts and their names. Figure l-2 shows how the printer will look when you finish preparing it for operation. Note: Do not turn on the P-80 until you complete the printer prepara- tion. 3

dust. It is a good idea to keep them closed when your printer is not in use. The front cover protects the print mechanism and reduces the noise level when the printer is on. The serrated edge serves as a convenient tear-off point. It’s a good idea to keep the front cover closed while printing as it helps guide the paper out of the printer. You only need to lift this cover when you are installing a ribbon cassette. There is a plastic gray lever on the left side of your printer. This lever holds the back cover shut. Notice the words OPEN and LOCK. Ignore the words FEED and FREE, above and below the lock lever, for now. They deal with paper installation functions (discussed in Chap- ter 3). To unlock the back cover, push the lever to the open position (see Figure l-3). To lock it, hold the back cover shut and pull the lever to the lock position. Figure 1-3. Locking lever When you release the lock lever, the back cover pops up slightly. Push the cover back until it stands vertically as shown in Figure 1-3. The back cover now has a new function. It serves as your paper guide. 5

printer. You will see a gray bar with a line and the word paper. Remove the thin transparent strip covering this bar. Paper guide As mentioned above, when the back cover is vertical, it serves as a paper guide. The paper guide helps you align your paper correctly to ensure that it feeds properly through the printer. Find the arrow marked PAPER STAND on the upper left comer of the paper guide. Notice the metal paper stand. To lift the paper stand, place your thumb where the arrow indicates. With slight pressure, pull up on the stand until it is vertical. The function of the paper stand is to keep the paper straight. There is a plastic paper holder at each side of the paper guide. These holders keep your paper from sliding. The holder on the left is station- ary and is labelled LEFT EDGE. The right holder is a sliding scale that will accommodate paper from 5½ to 8½ inches wide. When closing the back cover, make sure the right holder is pushed all the way to the right. Otherwise, the cover will not close properly. Three arrows indicate the paper widths most often used. The first one is marked INVOICE, the second B5, and the third A4•LEGAL. The A4•LEGAL is the one you use for 8½-inch wide paper. Figure 1-4. Paper guide

ribbon cassette. With any other type of paper, install the ribbon cas- sette as described below. Chapter 3 gives an explanation of the types of paper to use. Before installing the ribbon cassette, you need to lift the front cover (Figure l-5). Firmly grasp both sides of the cover and pull up. It should tilt toward you easily. If you happen to lift the cover off completely, replace it by positioning the hinge at each end of the cover over the hinge posts at the front of the printer. The hinges allow you to easily open and close the cover without removing it. Figure l-5. Lifting the front cover The P-80’s ribbon cassette is easy to install. You never have to worry about getting ink on your hands. Just follow these simple steps and refer to Figure 1-6 for quick installation: 1. Make sure the printer is OFF. 2. Remove the orange tab holding the ribbon by pulling up on the end indicated by the arrow. 3. As Figure 1-6 shows, take up any slack in the ribbon by turning the ribbon counterclockwise until it is taut.

the closed ends of the ribbon holes are on top. Place the cassette over the print mechanism. Make sure the ribbon is placed in front of the silver print head. Press down and snap it into place. That’s all there is to it. Now just close the front cover. Manual-feed knob The manual-feed knob is used to advance the paper manually. It is located on the right side of your printer. When your printer is packed, the knob is pushed in flush with the right side. To bring it out, push the center of the knob in and release it. The knob should pop out. To feed the paper manually, turn the knob clockwise. See Figure 1-7. Figure 1-7. Manual-feed knob DIP Switches Two groups of switches, called DIP switches, are located at the back of your printer (Figure l-8). The first group of four switches is referred to as switch 1 and the second group of eight switches is referred to as switch 2. These switches are set at the factory, and you probably won’t need to touch them. You may, however, want to take the time to learn about the switches and their functions in case you need to make adjustments.

Note: Make certain the printer is turned OFF when you change DIP switch settings. The P-80 checks these settings only at power- up and it will ignore any changes made with the power on (until it is turned off and back on). Switch 1 The functions of the four switches that make up switch 1 are sum- marized in Table 1-1. Table l-l. Settings for switch 1 Switch No. Function OFF ON Factory setting 1-1 International Character Sets ON 1-2 1-3 (See Table 1-2.) ON ON 1-4 Auto line feed No auto Auto line OFF (AUTO FEED XT line feed feed signal) with CR Switch 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 - These switches are used to determine the default international character set. The factory-set condition is for the U.S.A. characters. Table 1-2 shows the required switch settings for each set. Appendix A shows the characters included in each of the character sets. 10

code. See Chapter 4 for an explanation of control codes and Appendix B for the appropriate code. Table 1-2. International character switch settings Country SW 1-1 SW 1-2 SW 1-3 U.S.A. ON ON ON France OFF ON ON Germany ON OFF ON England OFF OFF ON Denmark ON ON OFF Sweden OFF ON OFF Italy ON OFF OFF Spain OFF OFF OFF Switch 1-4 - This switch controls the automatic line feed. The factory- set condition is OFF which means the computer must send line feeds. When this switch is ON, the printer performs an automatic line feed with each carriage return. If you are not sure if your computer sends a line-feed code to the printer at the end of each print line, leave the switch the way you find it. You can change this switch if your first printing occurs all on one line or with the lines spaced twice as far apart as you requested. Switch 2 The P-80 uses the RS-232C serial interface to communicate data from your computer to the printer. The switches which make up switch 2 are used to set up the proper serial communications for the RS-232C serial port. The factory-set condition is shown in Table l-3 and should be appropriate for most computers. If you have any problems getting data to print correctly from your computer, consult your computer manual or ask your dealer. 11

Switch No. Function OFF ON Factory setting SW-2-1 Data bit length 8 bits 7 bits OFF 2-2 Party check No OFF 2-3 Parity 2-4 Stop bit 2-5 Yes Odd Even 2 bits 1 bit OFF OFF O N 2-6 2-7 2-8 Baud rate setting (See Table l-4.) OFF ON OFF The factory-set baud rate for the P-80 is 4800. If your computer requires another baud rate, the following chart gives the appropriate DIP switch settings. Table l-4. Baud rate switch settings DIP2-5 DIP2-6 DIP2-7 DIP2-8 Bit rate (bps) ON ON ON ON 75 OFF ON ON ON 110 ON OFF ON ON 134.5 OFF OFF ON ON 150 ON ON OFF ON 200 OFF ON OFF ON 300 ON OFF OFF ON 600 OFF OFF OFF ON 1,200 ON ON ON OFF 1,800 OFF ON ON OFF 2,400 ON OFF ON OFF 4,800 OFF OFF ON OFF 9,600 ON ON OFF OFF 300 OFF ON OFF OFF 1,200 ON OFF OFF OFF 2,400 OFF OFF OFF OFF 9,600 Connecting the P-80 to Your Computer Your printer preparation is almost complete. Now it’s time to con- nect your printer to your computer. First make sure the power switches for your printer and your computer are turned OFF. 12

computer. However, some computers require a printer interface card, either mounted inside or outside the computer. Check your computer installation or operations manual for details on how to connect your computer to your printer, or consult your dealer. As mentioned above, the P-80 uses the RS-232C serial interface (but the connector is a 6-pin DIN type). Figure 1-9 shows where you con- nect the cable to the printer. Make sure that the connector is aligned correctly. Don’t force it into the socket. Your Epson dealer stocks a variety of cables as well as interface boards. Figure l-9. Connecting the printer cable 13

Your P-80 is now connected to your computer and ready for opera- tion. In this chapter you’ll learn how to use the controls and indicators on the printer to operate it correctly. You’ll also learn how to recharge the battery and maintain your P-80 to keep it printing smoothly for a long time. Switches and Indicators The few switches and indicators on the P-80 require a brief explana- tion so that you can have a better understanding of how to use them. The printer does not have to be connected to your computer to test these switches. The control panel The control panel switches are located on the top (right comer) of your printer (Figure 2-l). These switches control the main functions of the printer. Here is what they do: Figure 2-1. Control panel switches 15

ON position. Push this switch on and you will hear the print head prepare itself for printing. ON LINE switch — This switch allows you to switch back and forth from on-line to off-line status. When the printer is on-line, it is ready to receive data from the computer. When the printer is off-line, it is not ready. ON LINE light — The red light, located above the ON LINE switch, indicates whether the printer is on or off line. The light glows red when the printer is on-line, and when the light is off, the printer is off-line. If you turn the power ON without any paper in the printer, the ON- LINE light will not glow, even if you press the ON-LINE switch. The ON LINE light blinks when the motor has locked or the battery is low. When the light is blinking, first check to see if the paper or ribbon cassette is stuck. If either of these is stuck, turn the power off and correct the problem. The ribbon cassette should return to the starting position on the left side when you turn the power back on. If you can not find anything wrong with the printer, the blinking light is indicating that your battery is low. Turn the power OFF and plug in the AC adapter as described later in this chapter. PAPER FEED switch — This switch allows you to automatically advance the paper one line at a time. You can only activate this switch when the printer is off-line. Tap this switch to advance the paper one line at a time. Hold the switch down to advance the paper several lines at once. Paper control switches There are two switches located on the right side of your printer (Figure 2-2). These switches allow you to make certain adjustments to improve the print quality on your paper. DENSITY switch — This switch makes the print lighter or darker. Move the switch toward the back of the printer to make the print lighter; move the switch toward the front of the printer to make it darker. 16

PAPER SURFACE switch — This switch adjusts the print head speed to improve the print quality on standard paper. Push this lever toward the front when using coarse paper; push it back when using smooth or thermal paper. Note: You have to set the paper surface switch with the power OFF for the change to take effect. Paper-out sensor The P-80 is equipped with a device that warns you when the printer is at the end of the paper. When your paper reaches the end, the ON LINE light goes off and printing stops. To resume printing, place another sheet of paper into the printer, and press the ON LINE switch. If you do not want to resume printing, turn the power OFF and back ON again. Each time the printer is turned ON, it reinitializes-resets to its settings at start up. The Battery and AC Adapter Note: Charge the battery with the AC adapter before using your printer for the first time. To do this, follow the instructions given below for charging the battery. The P-80 will print approximately 60,000 characters (or 30 pages on 8½ by 11 paper with 2,000 characters each) on a fully charged battery. 17

the ON LINE light blinks. To charge the battery, first turn the power OFF. Then plug the AC adapter into the back of the printer as shown in Figure 2-3. The battery charges in six to seven hours. Figure 2-3. Plugging in the AC adapter The printer can be used with the AC adapter connected without waiting for the battery to charge. However, when you are finished printing, switch the power off and charge the battery for six to seven hours. Once you unplug the adapter, let the printer run on its own until it needs recharging. Recharging the battery more often than needed can weaken it. WARNING: Do not charge the battery for more than 24 hours. Also, do not leave the power switch ON when recharging the battery and the printer is not in use. Doing either of these may severely shorten the battery life. 18

ing after the battery has been charged, the battery has come to the end of its life and must be replaced. Nickel cadmium batteries are available through your Epson dealer. To replace the battery, follow the steps below. 1. See that the power switch is OFF, 2. Remove the two screws on the battery holder cover at the back of the printer by using a Phillips screwdriver (Figure 2-4). Figure 2-4. Removing the screws 3. Carefully lift the battery holder cover by placing your index fingers at the top of the cover as shown in Figure 2-5, and your thumbs underneath the ridge at the bottom of the cover. 19

4. With the battery holder cover open, locate the battery connector near the POWER switch. It is marked CN7. Unplug the battery connector noting the direction of insertion. Remove the battery with a screwdriver as shown in Figure 2-6. Figure 2-6. Removing the battery 20

the connector cable at the bottom. Insert the battery connector into the slot marked CN7. 6. To reinstall the battery holder cover, you first need to remove the front cover. 7. Push the battery holder cover back into place, at the back of the printer, seeing that the tabs on each side are inside the cover, and the switches and indicator light fit properly in their slots (Figure 2-7). Figure 2-7. Replacing the battery holder cover 8. Replace the two screws at the back of the cover and replace the front cover. WARNING: Do not disassemble the battery or throw it into a fire. 21

preventive maintenance. Here are some general guidelines to follow: 1. Keep your printer in a safe, clean location away from extreme tem- peratures. 2. Clean particles and dust from the printer with a soft cloth or brush. 3. Clean the outside of the printer with a mild cleanser when it appears dirty. 4. If your printer is not operating correctly, do not attempt to repair it yourself. Take your printer to an authorized Epson dealer for serv- ice. Although your P-80 is solidly built, it’s not indestructible. If you treat your printer with care, it should give you years of reliable service. 22

chapter, you’ll learn the different types of paper your P-80 can use and how to install the paper. Then you can start to print by having the printer perform a self-test. Paper Types The type of paper to use with your P-80 is thermal paper. It will give you the best quality print. Since thermal paper is heat-sensitive, you do not need to use the ribbon cassette. Thermal paper prints only on the glossy side, the side that is slightly darker. If the glossy side is not facing the print head, nothing prints. Observe the following precautions in handling and storing thermal paper: l Do not attach plastic adhesive tape to the paper. l Handle the paper carefully so as not to bend or stain it. Damaged areas may become discolored or fail to print. l Do not store the paper in hot, humid places (cars, heaters, direct sunlight). When you are printing rough drafts, you can use smooth finish paper like the sample sheets included with your printer. It is necessary to use a ribbon cassette with this type of paper. Your Epson dealer can assist you with the correct types of paper to use with your P-80. 23

paper you are using. For coarse paper, set the switch to RGH; for smooth or thermal paper, set the switch to SMT. Paper sizes The printer uses single-sheet paper and handles any paper the width of the platen (8½ inches) or narrower. You can also use continuous- feed paper or roll paper. The right paper holder will not hold paper narrower than 5½ inches. When you use paper that is narrower than 5½ inches, make sure that the paper stays straight as it is feeding through the printer. Otherwise, your print lines may slant across the paper. Paper Release Lever The lock lever on the left side of your printer serves as a paper release lever. Notice the words FEED and FREE above and below the lever. In the FEED position, the roller inside the printer holds the paper and causes it to feed through the printer. The FREE position allows you to make adjustments if the paper is not aligned correctly in the printer. Paper Loading There are a couple of adjustments to make before loading your paper. Check to see that the lock lever is in the FEED position and the paper stand is all the way up. Slide the right holder all the way to the right side of the printer. Follow these steps to load your paper: 1. Place your paper at the top of the paper guide and slide it under- neath the left holder (Figure 3-l). 2. Adjust the right holder to the width of the paper (unless your paper is less than 5½ inches wide). 3. Make sure the paper is straight and placed in the printer as far as it can go. 24

4. Turn the manual-feed knob clockwise until the paper feeds through to the front as shown in Figure 3-1. 5. Put the power switch in the ON position if you have not done so already. You are now ready to print. 25

When you are finished printing, remove the paper by using the manual-feed knob. If your paper is almost out of the printer, you can release it by placing the lock lever in the FREE position. The P-80 Self-Test It’s time to see how your P-80 operates. The P-80 self-test is a built- in program that prints all the standard characters. It provides an opportunity to test the ribbon and the paper installation without hav- ing to request a printout from your computer. If fact, you don’t even need a computer to perform the self-test. Start by placing a sheet of 8½-inch wide paper in your printer. With the power OFF, hold down the PAPER FEED switch and turn the power ON. Release the PAPER FEED switch when the P-80 starts printing. The characters will be printed as shown in Figure 3-2. The printer will continue indefinitely until you turn the power OFF or run out of paper. Figure 3-2. The P-80 self-test Note: If you turn the printer off in the middle of printing, the print head may be in the printing position. (The print head is pressed into the paper.) When this occurs, turn the power ON for a few seconds to allow the print head to return to its starting position at the left. 26

instructions to your printer. Specifically, you’ll learn how the control codes work with the P-80. (Appendix A shows a complete listing of all the P-80 control codes.) If you are going to use your printer with commercial software pack- ages, it is not necessary for you to read this chapter. You can follow the printer installation instructions given in your computer or soft- ware manual. Most software packages include installation routines for dot matrix printers. It may be that you only have to specify which type of printer interface, such as RS-232C, you are using. Note: As mentioned in Chapter 1, the P-80 uses the RS-232C serial interface. If your software asks for specifications you do not understand, consult your dealer for assistance. ASCII Codes Since there are many different kinds of computers and many different kinds of printers, almost all computers use a standard set of codes to communicate with printers. This set of codes is called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Pressing a character key on your computer produces a bit pattern representing a particular ASCII (pronounced “ask-ee”) code. The code is interpreted by the printer, which responds by printing the letter, number, or symbol desired. Control codes control specific printer functions. Most of the 256 ASCII numbers are codes for specific characters. Typically, codes 32 through 126 are reserved for the standard set of 27

sents the capital letter “A”, while 90 represents the capital letter “Z.” On the P-80, the graphics character set is stored at codes 128 through 159. Other ASCII numbers control computer and printer functions. Table 4-1 summarizes the range of the ASCII codes used by the P-80. Appendix B summarizes the functions for each of the ASCII control codes. Note: Codes can be expressed in binary, hexadecimal, or decimal form. For ease of understanding, we use the decimal form. Table 4-1. The P-80 and ASCII Codes ASCII code group P-80 Interpretation 1 to 32 Printer control codes 33 to 126 Standard (roman) character set 128 to 159 Graphics character set In summary, some ASCII codes produce standard characters and special symbols, some produce graphics characters, and others con- trol the printer’s functions. Using Control Codes Most of the time you don’t have to give this code system much thought. When you are using a word processing system, you press the letter A on the keyboard, and the computer prints the letter A on the printer. Some ASCII codes, however, don’t have characters on the key- board. The most important of these are the ASCII codes that have values less than 32. As mentioned above, these codes are the printer control codes. Most keyboards can produce these codes by holding down the control key (often marked CTRL) while pressing a letter key. The combination of CTRL/M produces ASCII 13, which is the code to start a new line, and referred to as a carriage return. The 28

the carriage return function. Carriage return Its common name CR The abbreviation of its name 13 The decimal ASCII code 0DH Its hexadecimal ASCII code CTRL/M Its control-code name CHR$(13) Its usage in BASIC As you can see there are many different ways to refer to a single code. This information helps you identify what code is being referenced. Your computer manual may refer to ASCII 13 while your software program refers to CTRL/M. You now know that both refer to the same code. ASCII Codes as CHR$(n) The ASCII codes take on a new form when you use them with programming languages. For example, in BASIC, the ASCII codes take the form of CHR$(n), where n represents the desired code. The capital letter A, which is the ASCII code 65, is CHR$(65). You are telling the computer which code you want by inserting the number within the parentheses following the CHR$. Depending on the code, you instruct your printer to print a character, or perform a function (such as execute a line feed or print italics). The ESCape code So many features have been added to printers that even 256 ASCII codes are inadequate if only single-code CHR$ instructions can be used. Because of this, the logic of the P-80 has been designed to under- stand special sequences of control codes, the ESCape code sequences. This permits major expansion to the availability of control codes. Each ESCape code sequence consists of the ESCape code (usually abbreviated (ESC)), which is CHR$(27), plus one or more of the other P-80 CHR$ codes. You use these code sequences to select one or more printing features, or modes. For example, the ESCape code used to turn the italic print function on is “4”. The (ESC) is the abbreviation for CHR$(27) and the numeral 4 is the ASCII equivalent of CHR$(52). The “4” is eas- ier to remember than CHR$(27)CHR$(52). 29

when you use them in your programming. Appendix A lists all the ASCII codes and Appendix B summarizes their functions. A BASIC example Keep in mind that the ASCII codes and the ESCape sequences are mostly used with programming languages. One example is to use your printer to print listings of your programs. Different computer systems access the printer in different ways. For example, most computers that use Microsoft BASIC send PRINT or LIST commands to the printer by adding a leading L to a screen com- mand: LPRINT, LLIST. Your computer may not use these commands. If you are not familiar with your computer’s command conventions, check its manual. We use BASIC in the following programs since it is widely used in portable computers. If necessary, substitute the commands required by your computer. Once you have discovered how your computer communicates with the printer using BASIC, enter the following program lines into your computer. 10 LPRINT CHR$(27);"-1"; 20 LPRINT "Underline" Now list the lines on the printer using your computer’s version of the LLIST command. RUN the program, and you’ll get this: Underline With the underline mode, you can underline characters or blank spaces, which is useful when creating forms that have lines for signa- tures or data. See this for yourself by adding these lines to your pro- gram. Enter 10 blank spaces in line 30 and 15 blank spaces in line 40. 30 LPRINT " " 40 LPRINT " " Run your program. The result is: Underline 30

ably used in your word processing software. Since the underline char- acter is only five dots wide, it does not print in the space between each text character. Type and run a new program: NEW 10 FOR X=1 TO 41: LPRINT CHR$(95);: NEXT X 20 LPRINT CHR$(13); 30 LPRINT "THIS PROGRAM USES THE UNDERLINE CHARACTER" THIS PROGRAM USES THE UNDERLINE CHARACTER The printer’s underline mode, used in the example on the previous page, provides you with an idea of how a programming language can be used. There are many tutorial books available if you would like to learn more about using BASIC with your printer. 31

One of the most pleasing aspects of your P-80 printer is its variety of print modes that can be combined to make different typestyles. You access these print modes through programming languages such as BASIC. You can also access them through your word processing pro- gram, if your program allows you to insert print commands in the text (for example, Portable WordStar’“). This chapter gives a short explanation of how dot matrix characters are formed, briefly describes the different print modes, and then shows you how the print modes can be combined. Dot-Matrix Printing The P-80 uses a dot matrix to plot the characters it prints. Vertically, the matrix consists of 6 main and 5 intermediate columns. Horizon- tally, the matrix consists of 9 rows. The P-80 characters are designed to be five or fewer columns wide. The sixth column is left blank to allow for space between text charac- ters (some of the graphics characters use the sixth column). Because the use of 5 dots does not give enough detail for the highest quality characters, the P-80 prints some dots half way between the main columns in the 6-dot-wide matrix. This enhancement results in a matrix grid that is actually 11 dots wide-6 main columns with 5 inter- mediate columns. You can count the 11 positions on the grid shown in Figure 5-l. 33

Although each P-80 character is designed to be five or fewer col- umns wide, dots can also be placed midway between each main col- umn. This means that the dot pattern is printed twice, shifted one half dot to the right. Figure 5-2 shows how the dots printed in these inter- mediate columns actually overlap with those in the main columns. You can see this difference between the dots shown in Figure 5-l and the overlapping dots in Figure 5-2. (An example of a print mode using overlapping dots is shown later in this chapter.) Figure 5-2. Overlapping dots Print Pitches There are two print pitches (or widths) available on the P-80. They are Pica and Compressed. Pica is a standard character width used on typewriters and prints 10 characters per inch. Compressed pitch prints 34

spreadsheets, or other work that requires compact printing, to be squeezed on an 8½-inch page. In Figure 5-3, you can see the difference in the two pitches. Pica is the default, the pitch in effect when the printer is turned on. 1 inch P i c a ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZab C o m p r e s s e d ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv Figure 5-3. Comparison between print pitches Pitch Mode Combinations Expanded is a print mode that can be used with either Pica or Com- pressed print pitches. You can add this mode to your program to print- out for one line only or for longer passages. Expanded can also be used with most of the other modes. Expanded mode Expanded mode doubles the width of the current pitch mode. It does this by printing twice as many dots, twice as wide, as you can see in Figure 5-4. Pica A Expanded A Figure 5-4. Pica and Expanded letters 35

There are two modes that produce boldface (darker) characters which make your printout more distinctive. These modes are Double- Strike and Emphasized. Each gets its bold effect by printing overlap- ping dots as explained earlier in this chapter. Figure 5-5 shows the difference between Single-Strike (the default), and Emphasized. On the P-80, Double-Strike and Emphasized produce the same result. Double-Strike may produce a slightly different result when printed through your software. Figure 5-5. Print quality differences Dress-up Modes There are two more modes you can mix with any of the other modes to give your printouts a finished touch-Italic and Underline. Italic characters are printed in a typeface completely different from the more usual Roman characters. Any computer system can select Italic mode without software adjustments. The P-80 has a built-in Underline mode making it easy for you to underline anything. You can underline characters or blank spaces as demonstrated in Chapter 4. Mode Conflicts and Priorities Print modes have an order of priority; some modes are assigned greater value than others. Also, certain modes can be combined and others cannot. If two modes which are not equal in value are used 36

the higher priority mode is turned off, will the lower priority mode take effect. For example, suppose you activate both Emphasized and Com- pressed. Since these modes cannot be combined, the printer must make a choice. In this case, the printer chooses Emphasized because it is assigned higher priority (see Table 5-l). Table 5-1. Summary of modes Emphasized Compressed Double-strike Mixing Modes Not all mode combinations create conflicts. You can combine most modes to produce the different typestyles shown in Table 5-2 at the end of this chapter. Appendix B gives you the commands needed to instruct the printer to print any combination of these modes. Summary Notes 1. Pica is the default pitch and is active when Compressed is turned off. 2. The two modes that produce boldface characters are Double- Strike and Emphasized. Single-Strike is the default. 3. Double-Strike and Emphasized produce the same result. 37

cancelled). For example, Compressed and Emphasized cannot be printed at the same time. When both are active, printing is in Emphasized. When Emphasized is cancelled, printing is in Com- pressed. 5. When Expanded is active, Compressed takes priority over Empha- sized. 6. Emphasized and Double-Strike will not mix with Compressed. 7. Italics, Underline, and Expanded modes combine with any print mode. Table 5-2. Typestyles Normal Print Single-Strike Pica ABCD Single-Strike Compressed ABCDEFG Single-Strike Emphasized Pica ABCD Double-Strike Pica ABCD Single-Strike Expanded Pica Single-Strike Expanded Compressed Single-Strike Emphasized Expanded Pica Double-Strike Expanded Pica A B A B C A B A B Italic ABCD ABCDEFG A B C D A B C D AB A B C AB AB Under- line AECD ABCDEFG ABCD ABCD Italic Under- line A B C D ABCDEFG ABCD ABCD AB AB ABC A B A B A B C A B AB 38

graphics, but you do need some programming knowledge to use these graphics features. This chapter is included for those who wish to design their own programs to take advantage of the printer’s graphics capabilities. Some computers allow you to draw figures on the screen using graphics characters and then dump them to the printer using a screen dump command. Check your computer’s documentation to see if it contains this feature. Graphics Characters The P-80 contains a set of special graphics characters which are the same graphics characters available on the Geneva TM PX-8™. The graphics characters are accessed with ASCII codes 128 through 159. If your computer cannot access codes greater than 127, you will not be able to use the graphics characters. To access the graphics characters in BASIC, you use CHR$(n) where n is an ASCII code between 128 and 159. The following pro- gram prints out all of the special characters in Expanded mode. Type the program in exactly as shown and RUN it. 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"W1" 20 FOR X=128 TO 138 30 LPRINT CHR$(X)" "; 40 NEXT X: LPRINT 50 FOR X=139 TO 149 60 LPRINT CHR$(X)" "; 70 NEXT X: LPRINT 39

90 LPRINT CHR$(X)" "; 100 NEXT X: LPRINT 110 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@" Remember that you can print these characters in different pitches and weights. For example, if you want to see them in Pica, delete line 10 from your program to produce the result below. You probably can think of many uses for the graphics characters that represent objects and symbols. The program below gives you an idea of how the line graphics characters (shown in the first row above), can be combined to create artworks or business forms. Type in the following lines but do not run the program yet: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"A"CHR$(7)CHR$(27)"E"CHR$(27)"W1" 20 READ R 30 IF R>0 THEN LPRINT CHR$(R);: GOTO 20 40 IF R=0 THEN LPRINT: LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END 50 IF R=-1 THEN LPRINT: GOT0 20 60 N=-R: READ R: FOR K=1 TO N: LPRINT CHR$(R); 70 NEXT K: GOT0 20 Line 10 turns on Emphasized and Expanded Modes as well as special line spacing (discussed later in this chapter). The next six lines print graphics characters using DATA from the lines to be added in the next stage of the program. Add these DATA lines to produce a four-part box with graphics characters in each part: 80 DATA 135,-6,133,130,-6,133,136,-1 90 DATA 134,-6,32,134,32,154,32,,154,32,154,134,-1 100 DATA 134,144,143,144,143,144,143,134,-6,32,134,-1 110 DATA 132,-6,133,128,-6,133,131,-1 40

your own DATA lines to make it print any combination of graphics characters you need. Notice that each DATA line corresponds to a print line, and each ends with -1, except for the last, which ends the program with a zero. For spaces, you use 32, the ASCII code for a space. You can repeat any character, including the space, by entering the number of repetitions as a negative number followed by the num- ber of the character to be repeated. For example, the first part of line 90 supplies the DATA for one vertical line (character 134), six spaces, and another vertical line. Dot Graphics Think of your piece of paper as an artist’s canvas waiting for the images you create. With dot graphics, you use dots instead of brush- strokes to form your pictures and designs. If you plan carefully where you want the dots to appear and use your computer to give the printer the proper instructions, your P-80 will generate nearly any pattern or figure you wish. Printing high-resolution graphics on the P-80 requires a mode that is very different from text modes. In dot graphics mode, none of the predefined characters or symbols in the printer’s memory is used. Instead, you create the patterns of dots that are printed. Thus, you control where each and every dot is printed. Print Head For each column position on a print line, the print head impresses the pattern of dots that you have specified. Before you can start designing these patterns, you need to know a little more about the way the print head works. 41

of dots. To print figures taller than 7 or 8 dots, the print head must make more than one pass. Each pass of the print head contains one piece of the total pattern, which can be as tall or short as you desire. You don’t have to use the whole page or even an entire line for your graphics figures. In fact, you can use as little or as much space as you like for a figure-and put it anywhere on the page. Graphics Mode The command to enter the Graphics mode is quite different from the other commands covered so far in this manual. For graphics, you must specify not only that you want to use graphics mode, but also in what density and for how many columns. There are two graphics densities, single and double. The format for entering Single-Density Graphics mode is: LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(n1) CHR$(n2); The CHR$(27)"K" specifies Single-Density Graphics, and the two numbers (n1 and n2) determine the number of columns reserved for graphics. The format is the same as above for Double-Density, except you use CHR$(27)"L". Column reservation numbers The graphics mode requires two numbers to specify how many columns of graphics you want because the CHR$ function in BASIC is limited to the numbers between 0 and 255. Since you can specify 480 dot positions in Single-Density and 960 in Double-Density, you need more than one CHR$ number. Therefore, the Graphics mode com- mand is designed to use two CHR$ numbers for reserving columns, and you must supply two numbers even if you only need one. The first number that you specify (n1) indicates a number of columns (0-255). A 255 in that position says “reserve 255 columns for graphics.” If you don’t need more than 255 columns, you use a 0 for n2. To reserve more than 255 columns for graphics, the second number (n,) must be greater than 0. But n2 does not represent a number of single dots; it represents a number of groups, each of which contains 256 dots. Using a 1 in the second slot means reserve 1 group of 256 dots plus whatever is in the first slot. For Double-Density Graphics,

groups of 256 dots (512) plus whatever is in the first slot and so on-up to 3 times 256 (or 768) dots. An easy way to determine the correct numbers for n1 and n1 is to figure the maximum number of dots per line in the density you want to use (480 in Single-Density and 960 in Double-Density), then use that number to calculate the number of columns you need. For exam- ple, if you want a line half a page wide in Double-Density, the maxi- mum number of dots in that density is 960, so you will want to reserve half that number of columns-480. To calculate the numbers for n1 and n2 that will reserve 480 columns, divide 480 by 256. The number of times that 256 will go into 480 is the number to use for n2 and the remainder is the number to use for n,. Therefore, n2 would be 1, and n1 would be 124. If fact, you can have your program do the calculations for you with the following format: LPRINT CHR$(27)"L"CHR$(N MOD 256)CHR$(INT(N/256)); N is the total number of columns you want to specify. The BASIC MOD (modulus) function calculates the value for n,, and the INT (integer) function calculates the value for n2. This format can be used with either graphics density and with any value of N up to the maximum number of columns per line for that density. Labelling Elements Once you put the printer into Graphics mode, your next step is to tell the print head which elements to fire in each column. You do this by sending numbers via the CHR$ function. Each number that you send represents a unique combination of dots. Since computers use the binary numbering system (0S and 1s only), each element corresponds to the decimal equivalent of one bit in an 8- bit binary number: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. (see Figure 6-l). 43

Decimal sum of the desired pin pattern Figure 6-2. Element combinations 4 4

shows how you use a decimal sum—74—to fire a particular pattern. If you try adding several numbers together, you’ll see that with this sys- tem you get no duplicates. The number 6 represents elements 2 and 4 (since 2 + 4 = 6) and there is no other way to get 6 by adding powers of two. This means that any combination of the eight elements adds up to a unique decimal number that falls within the range 0 to 255. With this labelling system, you fire the top element by sending LPRINT CHR$(128). To fire the bottom graphics element, you send LPRINT CHR$(1). If you want to fire only the top and bottom ele- ments, you simply add 128 and 1, then send LPRINT CHR$(129). By adding the appropriate label numbers together, you can fire any com- bination of elements you want. Note: If your computer system cannot send ASCII codes above 127, you will not be able to fire the top element. A Graphics Program Now that we have discussed how Dot Graphics works, the follow- ing program gives you an example of what you can do. This program creates a series of space invaders. Type the program in exactly as you see it. 10 WIDTH LPRINT 255 20 INPUT "GRAPHICS CODE (K, L)";CODE$ 30 INPUT "n1 and n2 PLEASE";N1,N2 40 INPUT "HOW MANY GRAPHICS DATA";DCOUNT 50 DIM D(DCOUNT) 60 FOR J=1 TO DCOUNT 70 INPUT "DATA";D(J) 80 NEXT J 90 LPRINT CHR$(27);CODE$;CHR$(N1);CHR$(N2); 100 FOR L=1 TO (N1+N2*256)/DCOUNT 110 FOR K=1 TO DCOUNT 120 LPRINT CHR$(D(K)); 130 NEXT K 140 NEXT L 150 END When you RUN the program, it will first ask you to enter the con- trol code that you want to use for dot graphics. Your choices are K or L. Enter K to run the program in Single-Density. 4 5

(plus one blank space). This means that 13-dot positions are enough data to describe a single invader. We will use a series of 20 invaders for this program. This gives you a total of 260 (13 x 20) dot positions for data. To find n1 and n2, divide 260 by 256 and you get a quotient of 1 with a remainder of 4. Enter 4 as the value for n,, and 1 as the value for n2. Enter these values with a comma between them. The program then asks you how many data per space invader. Enter 13 and press RETURN. The program now asks the order of the data for a single invader. The data numbers are shown at the bottom of Figure 6-3. Enter them one at a time, pressing RETURN after each data number. The pro- gram prompts you by showing DATA? each time. Once you enter the last data number, the program prints out. Figure 6-3. Data for space invader 46

refer to Figures 6-1 and 6-2. It takes a while for your system to compute the data so be patient. Your printout should look like this: Run the program once more, but this time use Double-Density mode. When the program asks you for a control code, enter L. Enter the rest of the data exactly as you did with Single-Density mode. You should achieve the following result. If your printout does not look like this one, be sure you are entering the correct values for n1 and n2. If the values are not correct, and more data is sent to the printer than it was told to expect, it will interpret values as character codes, Graphics Programming Tips The information in this section will provide you with a few ele- ments to keep in mind when programming in graphics. Line spacing To print figures taller than 7 or 8 dots in Graphics mode, the print head must make more than one pass. If you use the default 12-dot (1/6 inch) line spacing, the print head will leave gaps between the graphics lines, just as it does between the text lines. To avoid such gaps in your patterns, adjust the line spacing to 8-dot with ESCape”A”CHR$(8) and print consecutive lines until the figure is complete. ESCape “A”CHR$(n), where n represents n/72-inch, changes the distance that a line feed covers to n dots. The ESCape “A”CHR$(n) command sets the line spacing to n/72-inch if the n is any number from 0 through 85. If n is between 85 and 128, the line spacing is 85/72-inch. 47

a line feed after every 80 characters. This insertion usually causes no problem with text, but it can spoil your graphics. In the Graphics mode, some systems insert the control codes after 120 columns, which may be in the middle of a line. You can usually prevent these unwanted control codes with a WIDTH statement such as the one below: WIDTH LPRINT 255 The format for your system may differ. Consult your computer’s doc- umentation to find the correct format for your system. Then put a WIDTH statement in one of the first lines of all your graphics pro- grams. It is easier to put a WIDTH statement in all but the simplest of your programs than to examine each one to see whether it needs such a statement. Semicolons and command placement After the graphics command is issued, every number sent to the printer is interpreted by the P-80 as a dot pattern and is printed on the paper. Therefore, you must be careful where you put the graphics command in your program, and you must not put another command between the graphics command and the graphics data. For example, suppose you want to print a 50-column graphics line and you want to set the line spacing to o-dot for future additions to the program. You might enter the following program: 20 LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(50)CHR$(0) 30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"0" 40 FOR G=1 TO 50: LPRINT CHR$(74): NEXT G This program has all the necessary elements. Line 20 has the com- mand for Single-Density Graphics and specifies 50 columns. (Remem- ber that you must use two CHR$ numbers to reserve columns even if you only need the first one.) Line 30 has the correct command for 9-dot line spacing, and line 40 calls for the printing of a pin pattern 50 times. Although this program has all the necessary elements, it will not give you the printout of a single pattern that you want, as you can see in the partial printout in Figure 6-4. 48

Once the graphics mode is in effect, every number sent to the printer is interpreted as a dot pattern and printed on the paper. Since no semicolon appears at the end of line 20, the numbers 13 and 10- the codes for carriage return and line feed-are sent to the printer after CHR$(0), and interpreted as dot patterns. Line 30, the command for 9-dot line spacing is also interpreted as a dot pattern. Since no semicolon appears at the end of this line, the numbers 13 and 10 are sent again and printed as pin patterns as well. In line 40 nothing is sent to the printer until after the LPRINT. Then the desired dot pattern-CHR$(74)-is finally sent. Again, since no semicolon is after CHR$(74), 13 and 10 are sent each time the loop is executed. After the P-80 has received all the numbers that are reserved by the graphics command-50 in this case-it leaves the Graphics mode and resumes interpreting numbers in the normal way. Because the incor- rect program has sent many extra numbers, mainly 10s and 13s, the 50 reserved columns are filled before the loop in line 30 has been executed 50 times. Therefore, during the last passes of the loop, the P-80 inter- prets CHR$(74) as the ASCI code for “J”. It prints a “J” and issues a carriage return and line feed for each of the last 35 passes of the loop. To make the program work correctly, put the line-spacing com- mand in line 10, delete line 30, and add two semicolons: one at the end of line 20 and one between CHR$(74) and the colon in line 40. This program is explained in detail so that you remember two important points about using the graphics command: l Use semicolons to prevent the P-80 from printing carriage return and line feed codes as pin patterns. 49

and its data. We hope this example helps you identify errors if one of your own programs gives you unexpected results. 50

This appendix provides information about the ASCII codes used on the P-80 printer. The first section shows the available codes between 0 and 32 with their decimal and hexadecimal numbers, abbreviations, and the control keys associated with each code. The first section also displays, in ASCII order, the decimal and hexadecimal numbers and a printout of each character in the USA Roman font. The characters for the Roman font that make up the USA character set occupy ASCII positions 33 through 126. The second section shows the international characters available on the P-80 and their corresponding ASCII codes. The international characters can be selected by changing the DIP switches as mentioned in Chapter 1, or they can be selected by using “R” (see Appen- dix B). The second section also shows the graphics character set. The graphics character set occupies ASCII positions 128 through 159. Included in the second section are some special characters in the USA character set that are worth noting. These characters may not appear on your computer’s keyboard but you can access them by using the appropriate ASCII code. ASCII Codes Decimal Hexadecimal Abbreviation Control key 9 0 9 Control-I 10 0A Control-J 12 0C Control-L 13 0D Control-M 14 0E Control-N 15 0F Control-O 18 12 Control-R A-1

Decimal Hexadecimal 20 14 27 1B 32 20 Decimal 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Hexadecimal Character 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Abbreviation Control key Control-T Control-) Decimal 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Hexadecimal Character 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] a b c d e f g h i j k l m n A-2

Decimal Hexadecimal 111 6F 112 70 113 71 114 72 115 73 116 74 117 75 118 76 119 77 Character o p q r s t u V W International Characters Decimal Hexadecimal Character 120 78 x 121 79 y 122 7A z 123 7B { 124 7C | 125 7D } 126 7E ~ 127 7F none Graphics Characters A-3

This appendix gives a brief summary of the P-80 control codes. You cause a control code to be sent to an output device by using another command. The most common command for sending a code to the screen is PRINT and to the printer is LPRINT. If your computer does not use these commands, check its reference manual and substitute the statements required by your computer. Using BASIC as an example, you can activate a control code on most computer systems by using LPRINT CHR$(27) followed by CHR$(n), where n is a number from the decimal (DEC) column below. For a few codes, those with a dash in the ESC column, you omit the (ESC) code-CHR$(27). The (ESC) sequence may be shortened by using (in quotation marks) the character in the symbol column instead of CHR$(n). For example, the command for turning on Emphasized can be entered as: LPRINT CHR$(27)CHR$(69) or LPRINT CHR$(27)"E" If you are using another programming language or command, be sure to check your system documentation for the proper syntax to send codes to the printer. Abbreviations: cpi = characters per inch cps = characters per second ESC Dec Hex Symbol Function — 9 09 HT Horizontal tab. Empties the printer buffer, then moves the print head to the next tab stop. B-l

- 10 0A LF - 12 0C FF - 13 0D CR - 14 0E SO - 15 0F SI - 18 12 DC2 - 20 14 DC4 - 27 1B ESC ESC 45 2D - ESC 48 30 0 ESC 50 32 2 ESC 51 33 3 Line feed. Empties the printer buffer, performs a line feed at the current line spacing, and resets the buffer character count to 0. Form feed. Empties the printer buffer, then advances the paper to the next top of form. Carriage return. Prints the contents of the buffer and resets the buffer character count to 0. Shift out. Turns Expanded mode ON for the length of the line. Can be cancelled by CHR$(20) or CHR$(27)“WO”. Works with Pica or Compressed mode. Shift in. Empties the buffer and turns Compressed mode (17.16 cpi) ON. Cannot work with Emphasized or Double-Strike mode. Device control 2. Turns Compressed mode OFF Device control 4. Turns the Expanded mode set by CHR$(14) OFF Can also be cancelled with LF ESCape. Prepares the printer to receive control codes. Turns Underline mode ON. Format: CHR$(27)” - “CHR$(n) where n toggles Underline on and off: 0 turns it OFF 1 turns it ON. Sets line spacing to 1/8-inch (9-dot). Returns line spacing to the default of 1/6-inch (12-dot). Sets line spacing to n/144-inch and stays on until changed. Format: CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n) where n = 0 - 255. B-2

ESC 52 34 4 Turns Italic mode ON. ESC 53 35 5 Turns Italic mode OFF ESC 64 40 @ Reset Code, which resets the printer to its power-up state, including resetting top of form. Clears all text and control codes from the print buffer. ESC 65 41 A ESC 67 43 C ESC 67 43 C ESC 69 45 E ESC 70 46 F Turns Emphasized mode OFF ESC 71 47 G Turns Double-Strike mode ON. Cannot mix with Emphasized and Condensed modes. Turns Double-Strike mode OFF ESC 72 48 H ESC 75 4B K Sets line spacing to n/72 inch (n-dot). Format: CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n) where n = 0 - 127. Sets the form length to n lines in the current line spacing. The default is 66 lines. Also resets top of form. Format: CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n) where n = 1 - 127. Sets the form length to n inches, regardless of the current line spacing. The default is 11 inches. Also resets top of form. Format: CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n). where n = 1 - 22. Turns Emphasized mode ON. Cannot mix with Compressed mode or Double-Strike mode. Turns Single-Density Graphics mode ON. Prints 480 dots per 8-inch line. Format: CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n 1)CHR$(n 2) followed by n data numbers, where n = total number of dot columns, n1 = n MOD 256, n2 = INT (n/256). For example, to print 480 dots, n1 = 224, n 2 = 1. B-3

ESC 76 4C L Turns Double-Density Graphics mode ON. Prints 960 dots per 8-inch line. Format: CHR$(27)”L”CHR$(n 1)CHR$(n 2) followed by n data numbers, where n = total number of dot columns, n1 = n MOD 256, n2 = INT (n/256). For example, to print 960 dots, n1 = 192, n 2 = 3. ESC 82 52 R Selects an international character set by its country’s number. Format: CHR$(27)“R”CHR$(n) where n = 0 - 7. ESC 87 57 W Turns Expanded mode ON; stays ON until turned OFF Cannot be turned off with CHR$(20). Format: CHR$(27)“W”CHR$(n) where n toggles the mode on and off: 0 or 48 turns it OFF 1 or 49 turns it ON. B-4

This appendix shows the same control codes as Appendix B; they are arranged by categories and by ASCII order within the categories. Character Width (Pitch) CHR$(5) Turns Compressed Mode ON. CHR$(18) Turns Compressed Mode OFF. CHR$(14) Turns One-Line Expanded Mode ON. CHR$(20) Turns One-Line Expanded Mode OFF. CHR$(27)“W0” Turns either Expanded Mode OFF. CHR$(27)"W1” Turns Continuous Expanded Mode ON. Character Weight CHR$S(27)“E” Turns Emphasized Mode ON. CHR$(27)“F” Turns Emphasized Mode OFF. CHR$(27)“G” Turns Double-Strike Mode ON. CHR$(27)“H” Turns Double-Strike Mode OFF. Print Enhancement CHR$(27)“-0” Turns Underline Mode OFF. CHR$(27)“-1” Turns Underline Mode ON. C-l

CHR$(27)“4” Turns Italic Mode ON. CHR$(27)“5” Turns Italic Mode OFF. CHR$(27)"@” Reset Code. CHR$(27)“R” CHR$(n) Selects an international character set. Line Spacing CHR$(27)“0” Sets line spacing to l/S-inch. CHR$(27)“2” Sets line spacing to 1/6-inch (default). CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n) Sets line spacing to n/72-inch. CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n) Sets line spacing to n/l&inch. Forms Control CHR$(9) or CHR$(137) Activates a horizontal tab. CHR$(12) Produces a form feed. CHR$(13) Produces a carriage return. CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n) Sets the form length in inches. CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n) Sets the form length in lines. Dot Graphics CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n 1)CHR$(n2) Turns Single-Density Graphics Mode ON. CHR$(27)“L”CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) Turns Double-Density Graphics Mode ON. c-2

with the Geneva™ PX-8™ Since your P-80 is a portable printer, it is a suitable companion for any portable computer. With the P-80, you can print anywhere, thus eliminating the need to wait until you have access to a desktop printer. The Geneva is one example of a portable computer. It comes with a pre-installed utility ROM capsule with CP/M-80™ and a pre- installed BASIC ROM capsule. Additional ROM capsules containing Portable WordStar™, Portable Calc, and Portable Scheduler’” are also included. Instructions on how to print data from each of these soft- ware applications can be found in their accompanying documenta- tion. Check the index under printing for the appropriate pages. P-80 and WordStar To print the desired results from some of these programs such as WordStar, some modifications may be necessary. For example, the P-80 stops printing when no paper is in contact with the paper-out sensor (a reed switch located on the paper guide). The paper-out sensor keeps the printer from printing after the paper has run out, but it also keeps you from printing page numbers near the bottom of the page. To compensate for this, you can either change the page length or footing margin, place your page numbers near the top of the page, or omit the page numbers. All of these can be done by using dot commands in WordStar. See Chapter 7 in your Geneva Portable WordStar Reference Manual. D-l

described above, the P-80 stops printing near the bottom of the page. Although printing has stopped, the printer and the com- puter remain in the print stage. To end your print session, in WordStar, press the P to stop print and then Y to abandon print. If you are going to be using WordStar most of the time, you can tape a business card or a small piece of paper over the paper-out sen- sor. Then you can easily print to the bottom of your page. When you are using single-sheet paper and have more than one page in a document, you will need to activate the print pause com- mand. The print pause command keeps the printer from printing without any paper and allows you to, change sheets. The print pause command is one of the print options displayed when you press P to print-from the main menu in WordStar. Select Y for yes for the printer to pa&e between pages. You can also insert a print pause code in your document. See Chapter 7 of your Geneva Portable WordStar Refer- ence Manual. Be sure to line the top of your sheet of paper with the serrated edge on the printer as the printer expects 66 print lines (the default in WordStar). If a particular function exists on WordStar, but not on the P-80, the printer will ignore the command to execute this function. For exam- ple, if you want to print in Elite, the P-80 will ignore this command since it does not have this capability. Before using print commands in your software applications, check to see that they are available on the P-80 by consulting Appendix C in this manual. Connecting the Geneva to the P-80 The P-80 uses the RS-232C serial interface and is factory set at 4800 baud. This is the appropriate setting for use with the Geneva. Your Geneva can be set to the RS-232C or serial interface using the CON- FIG command. Consult your Geneva User’s Manual. RS-232C is the factory setting for the Geneva. You need Epson cable #723 to connect the Geneva to your P-80 as shown in Figure D-l. When you plug the cable into your Geneva, be sure you insert it into the serial port designated in the CONFIG com- mand. If the designation is RS-232C, plug the cable into the serial port marked RS-232C. D-2

Be sure you have properly connected your printer and it is ON and on-line before you begin to print. If the P-80 won’t respond to any of the computer’s print commands, hold down CTRL and press STOP on the Geneva. Then check to see that you have the proper serial port connection, the cable is connected correctly, and the printer is ON and on-line. D-3

Printing Printing Method Printing Direction Paper feed speed Character Sets Thermal transfer Unidirectional (left to right) 2 lines per second (at 1/6 inch/line) 96 Roman characters 96 Italic characters 32 Graphics characters 8 International character sets Line Spacing 1/6 inch (default), 1/8 inch or programmable in increments of 1/72 inch and 1/144 inch E-l

Character Pica Pica Pica Pica Pica Pica Italic Italic Italic Italic italic Italic CPL= Expanded Emphasized Emphasized Condensed Condensed Expanded Expanded Expanded Emphasized Emphasized Condensed Condensed Expanded Expanded characters per line CPI = characters per inch CPS = characters per second Print mode Paper Paper types Single-sheet or roll paper, up to 8.5 inches wide Number Of Columns CPL 80 40 80 40 136 68 80 40 80 40 135 68 Character pitch CPI 10 5 10 5 17 1/7 8 4/7 10 5 10 5 17 1/7 8 4/7 Print speed CPS 45 22.5 22.5 11.25 38.6 19.3 22.5 11.2 22.5 11.25 38.6 19.3 Character spacing CPI 10 5 5 5 17 1/7 8 4/7 10 5 10 5 17 1/7 8 4/7 size (in) Width .083 .166 .091 ,182 .043 .083 ,110 .193 .118 .209 ,079 ,110 Height .096 .096 .096 .096 .096 .096 .096 .096 .096 .096 .096 ,096 Thermal or Standard Printer Dimensions Height: 2½ inches (62.2 mm) Width: 11¾ inches (297 mm) Depth: 4¼ inches (107 mm) Weight Power required 2.4 lbs (1.1 kg) Voltage: 4.8 VDC (TYP) 4 Ni-Cd batteries Ni-Cd battery: Pen light (AA) size nominal capacity: 500 mAh Battery life: 300 recharging cycles possible (avg.) Power consumption: 3 W avg. during use AC adapter (HOOCAA): 6V output DC 700 mA E-2

ies: 60,000 characters (approximately 30 pages on 8½ by 11 paper with 2,000 charac- ters per page) Environment Temperature: 5°C to 35°C Humidity: 10% to 80% RH Ribbon Cassette ribbon, black, model #8760 Ribbon life expectancy 40,OOO characters (approximately 20 pages with 2,000 characters per page) Printer MCBF 500,000 lines (excluding print head life) Print head life 20 million characters Buffer memory 240 bytes Interface The P-80 has an RS-232C serial interface Specifications Bit rate Synchronization Handshaking Logic Levels Data Format Interface Connector Plug Set with DIP switches on the back of the printer Asynchronous With DTR signal Voltage Logic Value +3V to +18V Space 0 (ON) -3V to -18V Mark 1 (OFF) Dip switch selectable 6-pin DIN type E-3

Arrows 6 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 27-30, A-l codes and graphics 39, A-3 codes and international characters A-3 codes and special characters A-4 codes listed for all characters A-2 -A-4 codes on the P-80 28 Automatic line feed 11 B Baud rate 12 B56 Back cover 5 BASIC 30-31, 33, 39, 42, B-l Battery 16-21 Battery holder cover 19-22 Battery replacement 19-22 Bold printing. See Double-Strike, Emphasized C Cable, connection of 13 Carriage return 28-29, B-2, C-2 Cassette, ribbon See Ribbon cassette Characters, graphics See Graphics characters Characters, international See International character set Characters, specifications of E-2 CHR$29, 39 Codes. See ASCII codes; Control codes; ESCape Compressed mode 34-35, 37, B-2, C-l Computer, connecting printer to 12-13 Control codes 27, 28 listed by function C-l -C-2 listed by number B-l -B-4 See also specific modes and functions Control key (CTRL) 28 Control panel 15 Covers, front and back 5 CTRL 28 Index-l

Dimensions, of printer E-2 DIP switches 9-12 switch 1 10 switch 2 11 DENSITY switch 16 Dot in dot graphics 39, 41, 45 matrix 33 positions 33 Double-Density graphics 42-43, 47, B-4, C-2 Double-Strike mode 36-37, B-3, C-l Dress-Up Modes. See Underline mode; Italic mode E Emphasized mode 36-37, 40, B-3, C-l Environment, of printer E-3 Epson computers. See Geneva PX-8 ESCape code (ESC) 29-30, B-2 Expanded mode 35, 37-40, B-2, B-4, C-l F FEED 5, 24 Foreign characters. See International characters Form, length of B-3, C-2 Form feed B-2, C-2 FREE 5, 24,26 Front cover 5, 7 Function switches. See DIP switches G Geneva PX-8 39, D-l -D-3 connecting to printer, D-2 Graphics characters 39-41 command placement 48, 50 densities in. See Graphics mode dot 39, 41, 45 line 40 line spacing 47, 49 programming tips 47-50 program 45-47 semicolons 48-49 Index-2

See also Graphics mode Graphics mode 42, 47-48 Single-Density 42-43, 45, B-3, C-2 Double-Density 42-43, 47, B-4, C-2 H Hinges 7 Holders. See Paper holders Horizontal tab B-l, C-2 I Indicators 15 Installation battery 19-21 printer cable 12-13 ribbon cassette 7-9 Interface E-3 connector E-3 signals E-4 specifications E-3 International character set 10-11, A-l, A-3, B-4, C-2 INVOICE 6 Italic mode 36, 38, B-3, C-2 K Knob. See Manual-feed knob L LEFT EDGE 6 Lever lock 5, 24 paper-release 24 Lids. See Covers Light, ON LINE 16 Line feed B-2 automatic 11 Line spacing B-2-B-3, C-2 LIST command 30 LPRINT. See PRINT Loading paper 24-25 Lock lever. See Lever LOCK 5 Index-3

Metal paper stand 6 Modes, combining 33, 35-38 priorities 36 summary, table of 37 See also specific modes by name 0 Off line 16 ON LINE light 16 ON LINE switch 16-18 OPEN 5 Orange tab 7 P Paper coarse 24 loading 24 placement 24 roll paper 24, E-2 sizes 24 thermal 7, 23 types 23 widths 6 Paper control switches 16 PAPER FEED switch 16, 26 Paper guide 5-6 Paper holder 6 right 24 Paper-out sensor 17, D-l-D-2 Paper release lever. See Lever PAPER STAND 6 metal 6 PAPER SURFACE switch 17, 24 Pica mode 34-35, 40 Pin combinations 44-45 Pin labels 43-44 Pitch 34-35 Plastic paper holder 6 left 6 right 6 Portable Calc D-l Index-4

Portable WordStar 33, 37-38, D-l-D-2 POWER switch 16 PRINT command 30, B-l Print head 9 and dot graphics, 41-43 life of E-3 Print modes 33, 36 See also specific print mode Print typestyles D-2 Print width. See Characters, specifications of Printer parts 3-4 Printer preparation 3 Priorities. See Modes, priorities R Reset code B-3 Ribbon cassette 7-9, 16, 23 installation 7

characters E-2 interface E-2-E-4 paper E-2 printer E-2-E-3 printing E-I Temperature, of printer 22, E-3 Test. See Self-test Typestyles chart D-2 U Underline mode 30, 36, 38, B-2, C-l W Weight, of printer E-2 Width See Characters, specifications of statement 48 Index-6

Dec 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 l8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Hex CHR 00 none 01 none 02 none 03 none 04 none 05 none 06 none 07 08 none none 09 HT 0A LF 0B none 0C FF 0D CR 0E SO OF SI 10 none 11 none 12 DC2 13 none 14 DC4 15 none 16 none 17 none 18 none 19 none 1A none 1B ESC 1C none ID none 1E none IF none 20 space 21 ! 22 " 23 # 24 $ 25 % 26 & 27 ' 28 ( 29 2A ) 2B + 2C 2D ' 2E - 2F / 30 0 31 1 32 2 33 3 34 4 Dec Hex CHR 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L U N 0 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ]^ Dec Hex 106 6A 107 6B 108 6C 109 6D 110 6E 111 6F 112 70 113 71 114 72 115 73 116 74 117 75 118 76 119 77 120 78 121 79 122 7A 123 7B 124 7C 125 7D 126 7E 127 7F 128 80 129 81 130 a2 131 a3 132 a4 133 a5 134 86 135 a7 136 88 137 a9 138 8A 139 8B 140 8C 141 8D 142 8E 143 8F 144 90 145 91 146 92 147 93 148 94 149 95 150 96 151 97 152 98 153 99 154 9A 155 9B 156 9C 157 9D 158 9E 159 9F CHR j k 1 m n o p q r s t u V W X Y z { | } ~ none International Characters USA FRANCE GERMANY U.K. DENMARK SWEDEN ITALY SPAIN Graphics Characters Special Characters

CHR$(15) Turns Compressed Mode ON. CHR$(18) Turns Compressed Mode OFF. CHR$(14) Turns One-Line Expanded Mode ON. CHR$(20) Turns One-Line Expanded Mode OFF. CHR!$(27)“W0” Turns either Expanded Mode OFF. CHR$(27)“Wl” Turns Continuous Expanded Mode ON. Character Weight CHR$(27)“E” Turns Emphasized Mode ON. CHR$(27)“F” Turns Emphasized Mode OFF. CHR$(27)“G” Turns Double-Strike Mode ON. CHRS(27)“H” Turns Double-Strike Mode OFF. Print Enhancement CHR$(27)“-0” Turns Underline Mode OFF. CHR$(27)“-1” Turns Underline Mode ON. Mode and Character-Set Selection CHR$(27)“4” Turns Italic Mode ON. CHR!$(27)“5” Turns Italic Mode OFF. CHR$(27)“@” Reset Code. CHR$(27)“R” CHR$(n) Selects an international character set. Line Spacing CHR$(27)“0” Sets line spacing to l/8-inch. CHR$(27)“2” Sets line spacing to l/6-inch (default). CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n) Sets line spacing to n/72-inch. CHR$(27)“3”CHR$(n) Sets line spacing to n/144-inch. Forms Control CHR$(9) or CHR$(137) Activates a horizontal tab. CHR$(12) Produces a form feed. CHR$( 13) Produces a carriage return. CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n) Sets the form length in inches. CHR$(27)“C”CHR$(n) Sets the form length in lines. Dot Graphics CHR$(27)“K”CHR$(n 1)CHR$(n 2) Turns Single-Density Graphics Mode ON. CHR$(27)“L”CHR$(n 1)CHR$(n 2) Turns Double-Density Graphics Mode ON.

LIMITED WARRANTY Epson America, Inc. hereby warrants that it will repair or replace, at its option, any part of the Epson product with which this warranty is enclosed which proves defective by reason of improper workmanship and/or material, without charge for parts or labor, for a period of one (1) year. This warranty period commences on the date of original purchase by the buyer other than for purposes of resale, and this warranty applies only if such original purchase by the buyer was made in the United States. To obtain service under this warranty you must return your Epson product, prop- erly packaged in its original container or an equivalent, to the nearest authorized Epson Service Center or the Dealer from whom the product was purchased. Any postage, insurance and shipping costs incurred in presenting or sending your Epson product for service are your responsibility. The Dealer’s original bill of sale or other satisfactory proof of the date of the origi- nal buyer purchase of your Epson product must be made available to obtain service under this warranty. This warranty applies only if your Epson product fails to function properly under normal use and within the manufacturer’s specifications. Batteries, as well as optional software packages (ROMs) not contained in the original container of your Epson product, are excluded from coverage under this warranty. This warranty does not apply if the Epson label or logo, or the rating label or serial number, has been removed from your Epson product, or if, in the sole opinion of Epson, your Epson product has been damaged by faulty or leaking batteries not supplied by Epson, or by accident, misuse, neglect, or improper packing, shipping, modification or servicing, by other than Epson or an authorized Epson Service Center. SOME EPSON PRODUCTS HAVE A COMPARTMENT CONTAINING STATIC-SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY. THIS COMPARTMENT IS CLEARLY LABELED. DO NOT OPEN IT! THIS WARRANTY WILL BECOME VOID IF YOU ATTEMPT TO MODIFY OR ADJUST ANY ROM OR OTHER PART OR DEVICE IN SUCH A COMPARTMENT OR IF YOU ATTEMPT TO ADD OR INSERT ANY ROM OR OTHER PART OR DEVICE. IF ANY OF THESE STEPS IS REQUIRED, BRING YOUR EPSON PRODUCT TO AN AUTHORIZED EPSON DEALER. THE DURATION OF ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR OTHERWISE, ON YOUR EPSON PRODUCT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE EXPRESS WAR- RANTY SET FORTH ABOVE. IN NO EVENT SHALL EPSON AMERICA, INC. OR ITS AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS, INCONVENIENCE OR DAMAGE WHETHER DIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR OTHERWISE, OR WHETHER CAUSED BY NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER FAULT RESULTING FROM BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABIL- ITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR OTHERWISE, WITH RE- SPECT TO YOUR EPSON PRODUCT, EXCEPT AS SET FORTH HEREIN. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WAR- RANTY LASTS AND SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. You may request information on how to obtain service under this warranty by contacting the Dealer from whom your Epson product was purchased, or by contact- ing Epson America, Inc. at the address printed below: Epson America, Inc. Service Division 23155 Kashiwa Court Torrance, CA 90505 (213) 534-0360 This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.