ZyXEL Communications ES-3124 Support Notes

(ES-3124/ES-3124PWR/ES-3148) Ethernet Switch Support Notes Version 3.60 March 2006

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 2 INDEX How to manage & maintain your Switch? Firmware Upgrade Restore a Configuration File Backing Up a Configuration File Load Factory Defaults Physical Switch connection Connecting two switches via Fiber Channel General Networking DHCP option 82 (Relay Agent Information Option) Separating a physical network into many virtual networks Introduction to Virtual LAN Port Based Virtual LAN Setting up Port Based VLAN IEEE 802.1Q Tag-based VLAN Setting up Tag-based VLAN Setting up VLAN Trunking How to configure GVRP IP Multicasting IGMP Snooping Multicast VLAN Registration (MVR) To ring a network by building reducdent links and connections between Switch Introduction to Spanning Tree Protocol How does Spanning Tree Protocol Work? Switching security MAC freeze Setting up 802.1x Radius Authentication Classifier & Policy Rule (ACL) Centralized Management Introduction of SNMPc and NetAtlas *NetAtlas v1.00 supported ES-3124 / ES-3124PWR *NetAtlas v1.03 and newer releases will support ES-3148 and some new features with ES-3124/ ES-3124PWR Cluster Management -- iStacking Remote Monitoring (RMON) FAQ What is the default setting of the IP parameters? What is the default login Name and Password of the Web Configuration? How to access the Switch through the console port?

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 3 What is default login password of the console, telnet, and FTP? How to change the password? How to access the Command Line Interface? If I forgot the Switch password, how can I reset the password to default? How do I configure an IP address? Is Online Help available on the Web GUI? How to restart device from Web? How to check the current running firmware version? Is the mini GBIC transceiver hot-swappable? What is so called "Dual-Personality interface" in Ethernet Switching? Remaining: Some demonstration in this support note may not use the exact model that you are using. However, their functions and settings work the same way.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 4 How to manage & maintain your Switch? Firmware Upgrade From Web GUI: 1. Download (and unzipped) the correct model firmware to your computer. 2. Click Management and then Maintenance in the navigator panel to bring up the following screen. 3. Click on the “Click Here” link of the Firmware Upgrade to bring up the following screen. 4. Browse the firmware located or type in the path into the “File Path” field. 5. Click on the Upgrade button.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 5 From Console Port: 1. Download (and unzipped) the correct model firmware to your computer. 2. Connect to the console port and open the Terminal Emulation Software. 3. Restarting the switch to enter the debug mode via the terminal. 4. Enter “ATUR”. 5. Use X-modem protocol to transfer (Send File) the firmware. 6. Enter “ATGO” to restart the switch after done uploading the firmware. From Command Line FTP: 1. Download (and unzipped) the correct model firmware to your computer. 2. Launch the FTP client on your PC to login to Switch. (From the command prompt, type “ftp ” 3. Press “Enter” for the User name 4. Enter password to get the ftp prompt. 5. Enter “bin” to set transfer mode to binary. 6. Use “put” to transfer the firmware from the computer to the switch, for example: “put firmware.bin ras” transfers the firmware on your computer (firmware.bin) to the switch and renames it “ras”. 7. Enter “quit” to exit the ftp prompt.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 6 Restore a Configuration File From Web GUI: 1. Click Management and then Maintenance in the navigator panel to bring up the following screen. 2. Click on the “Click Here” link of the Restore Configuration to bring up the following screen. 3. Browse to locate the file with the file name or type in the path and the file name into the “File Path” field. 4. Click on the Restore button. From Console Port: 1. Connect to the console port and open the Terminal Emulation Software.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 7 2. Restarting the Switch to enter the debug mode via the terminal. 3. Enter “ATLC” 4. Use X-modem protocol to transfer (Send File) the firmware. 5. Enter “ATGO” to restart the Switch after done uploading the configuration file. From Command Line FTP: 1. Download (and unzipped) the correct model firmware to your computer. 2. Launch the FTP client on your PC to login to Switch. (From the command prompt, type “ftp ”. 3. Press “Enter” for the User name 4. Enter password to get the ftp prompt. 5. Enter “bin” to set transfer mode to binary. 6. Use “put” to transfer the the configuration file from the computer to the switch, for example: “put comfig.rom rom-0” transfers the firmware on your computer (config.rom) to the switch and renames it “rom-0”. 7. Enter “quit” to exit the ftp prompt.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 8 Backing Up a Configuration File From Web GUI: 1. Click Management and then Maintenance in the navigator panel to bring up the following screen. 2. Click on the “Click Here” link of the Backup Configuration to bring up the following screen. 3. Click on the “Backup” button to bring up the File Download dialog. Then, clicking on the Save button to backup the configuration rom file to a proper location. From Console Port: 1. Connect to the console port and open the Terminal Emulation Software. 2. Restarting the Switch to enter the debug mode via the terminal. 3. Enter “ATTD”

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 9 4. Use X-modem protocol to transfer (Receive File) the firmware. 5. Enter “ATGO” to restart the Switch after done uploading the configuration file. From Command Line FTP: 1. Download (and unzipped) the correct model firmware to your computer. 2. Launch the FTP client on your PC to login Switch. (From the command prompt, type “ftp ” 3. Press “Enter” for the User name 4. Enter password to get the ftp prompt. 5. Enter “bin” to set transfer mode to binary. 6. Use “get” to transfer the firmware from the computer to the switch, for example: “get rom-0 config.rom” transfers the firmware on your computer (config.rom) to the switch and renames it “config.rom”. 7. Enter “quit” to exit the ftp prompt.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 10 Load Factory Defaults From Web GUI: 1. Click Management and then Maintenance in the navigator panel to bring up the following screen. 2. Click on the “Click Here” button of the Load Factory Defaults to bring up the following screen. 3. A dialog pops up with the message “Are you sure you want to load factory defaults?”. 4. Click OK to go to the following dialog. 5. Click on the OK button. Now, all switch configurations has been reset to the factory defaults and the system will be restarted. 6. Please note that the switch IP address is now 192.168.1.1. From Console Port: 1. Connect to the console port and open the Terminal Emulation Software. 2. Type in the correct password to bring up the prompt. Type “erase run” to load the factory default configurations.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 11 Physical Switch connection How to connect two switches via Fiber Channel Your Switch may come with one or many mini-Gb ports. ZyXEL offers Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) transceivers for Gigabit Ethernet and Fiber Channel applications. These small, modular optical interface transceivers offer a convenient and cost effective solution for the adoption of Gigabit Ethernet and Fiber Channel in data center, campus, metropolitan area access, ring networks, and storage area networks. It supports full duplex Gigabit speeds and hot-pluggable feature. Scenario In this scenario, two Switch with mini-Gb port connected together via its mini-GB Port with a LC/LC Fiber cable (62.5/125MM). PC “Alpha” is connected to the Switch on the left and another PC “Delta” is connected to the Switch on the right via the RJ45 Port (Cat 5 cable). What you need here to complete this scenario: z ZyXEL Switch with Mini-GB port x2 (note: Each ES-3100 Series Switch comes with 2 Mini-GB Port) z SFP-SX Transceiver x2 z LC/LC Fiber Cable (62.5/125MM) x1

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 12 Here is the photo of the SFP-SX Transceiver & the LC/LC Fiber Cable. Steps to complete this scenario 1. Find both Mini-GB ports on your Switch first.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 13 2. Get one transceiver and plug it into the Mini-GB Port of your Switch 3. Plug another transceiver into the Mini-GB Port of the other Switch

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 14 4. Remove both side of the protection cap from the LC/LC Fiber Cable. 5. Plug the LC/LC Fiber Cable into the transceivers on both Switch. If you connected the cable correctly, the LED of the “LINK” will light up.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 15 6. Now, connect the first PC “Alpha” to the Switch on the left and the second PC “Delta” to the Switch on the right via the regular Ethernet cable. 7. Set the NICs in both computers to the same IP Domain. (ex, PC “Alpha” :192.168.1.4/24; PC “Delta” : 192.168.1.5/24) 8. From PC “Alpha”, PING PC “Delta” at 192.168.1.5 9. From PC “Delta”, PING PC” Alpha” at 192.168.1.4 10. Now you can confirm that the network connection between these two Switch is up and running.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 16 General Networking DHCP Relay Option 82 Application ISP may want to limit the number of IP address or deliver some specific IP addresses according to certain Switch port, VLAN ID and option 82 string. They can easily to achieve this with DHCP Relay Option 82 feature and a DHCP server supporting Option 82 function. DHCP Server 192.168.1.99 Network Ethernet Port DHCP Client Port 25

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 17 How to set up DHCP Relay Option 82 Environment Here, we will set up an environment to allow a PC to get DHCP IP address in specific IP pool according to its Switch port, VLAN ID and the option 82 string. In this case, we are using GS-3012 for the demonstration. PC is behind 25th Switch port and the option 82 string is a string “GS-3012”. We use the IP Commander as DHCP server. Its IP is 192.168.1.99 and the IP pool is between 192.168.1.201 and 192.168.1.203 for VID=1, Switch port=25 and the option 82 string is “GS-3012”. 1. Switch (GS-3012) settings Click IP Application, DHCP Relay in the navigation panel to display configuration screen as shown. You will see the DHCP Relay setup page. Active the DHCP relay and Option 82 function. Also, click Information to make “GS-3012” as the Option 82 string. Information is READ ONLY here and it is the same as the host name of the Switch. Now we can connect PC to the 25th SWITCH port. Please see former applications for detailed settings.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 18 3. IP Commander settings Open IP Commander. Right click “IP commander and then click “connect new server”. Input the DHCP IP address or domain name and click “ok”. Our IP is 192.168.1.99.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 19 Input user name and password. The default user name is “administrator” and password is “incognito”.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 20 It will bring up the following screen, please make sure that your DHCP is in “online” status. Then click “wizard” in the top tool bars and select “rule wizard”.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 21 Give a name and description to the new rule.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 22 Assign a range of IP addresses or just one IP address to this rule. In our case, we set the IP pool from 192.168.1.201 to 192.168.1.203. After input IP pool, we select “DHCP Option” in Keywords combobox.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 23 After select the “DHCP Option”, it will pop up “Add DHCP Option Rule” dialog. Select “option 82 Relay Agent Information”, sub-option 1, binary data. For port 25, VLAN 1, “GS-3012”, please key in “0019000147532d33303132” as the key value and click OK. Please note that the first 2 bytes define port number, the second 2 bytes is VLAN ID and the other bytes are the Option 82 string.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 24 After you finish above step, you will see the following figure.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 25 Then pop up the following screen and you can just press Next button. Then you can add DHCP template (option) such as gateway, DNS server and so on.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 26 Here we use “192.168.1.1” as gateway IP address of DHCP client PC.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 27 You can apply DDNS service to DHCP server or not. The rule creation has been finished.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 28 After finishing all above procedures, your PC will get the IP address 192.168.1.201 when you send a DHCP request.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 29 Separating a physical network into many virtual networks What is Virtual LAN? • VLAN Overview A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Stations on a logical network belong to one group called VLAN Group. A station can belong to more than one group. The stations on the same VLAN group can communicate with each other. With VLAN, a station cannot directly talk to or hear from stations that are not in the same VLAN group(s); the traffic must first go through a router. In MTU or IP-DSLAM applications, VLAN is vital in providing isolation and security among the subscribers. When properly configured, VLAN prevents one subscriber from accessing the network resources of another on the same LAN, thus a user will not see the printers and hard disks of another user in the same building. VLAN also increases network performance by limiting broadcasts to a smaller and more manageable logical broadcast domain. A VLAN group is a broadcast domain. In traditional Layer-2 switched environments, all broadcast packets go to each and every individual port. With VLAN, all broadcasts are confined to a specific broadcast domain. There are two most popular VLAN implementations, Port-based VLAN and IEEE 802.1q Tagged VLAN. ES-3100 series supports both VLAN implementations. The most difference between both VLAN implementations is Tagged VLAN can across Layer-2 switch but Port-based VLAN cannot. • Port-based VLAN Port-based VLANs are VLANs where the packet forwarding decision is based on the destination MAC address and its associated port. You must define

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 30 outgoing ports allowed for each port when using port-based VLANs. Note that VLAN only governs the outgoing traffic, in the other word, it is unidirectional. Therefore, if you wish to allow two subscriber ports to talk to each other, e.g., between conference rooms in a hotel, you must define the egress (outgoing port) for both ports. An egress port is an outgoing port, that is, a port through which a data packet leaves. There are 5 hosts (Host A, B, C, D and E) connected to a 5-port layer-2 switch which supported port-based VLAN. Case 1: Host A and Host B can talk to each other, because they are in the same VLAN group. But Host A and Host B can't talk to Host C, D, and E. Port-based VLAN definition: • Egress port for port 1: port 2 • Egress port for port 2: port 1 Case 2: There are 3 VLAN groups in the physical network. Host A and Host B can talk to each other; they are in the same VLAN group 1. Host B and Host C are in VLAN group 2. Host A, Host D and Host E are in VLAN group 3.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 31 Port-based VLAN definition: • Egress port for port 1: port 2, port 4, port 5 • Egress port for port 2: port 1, port 3 • Egress port for port 3: port 2 • Egress port for port 4: port 1, port 5 • Egress port for port 5: port 1, port 4 • Port-based VLAN across different switch Port-based VLAN is specific only to the switch on which it was created. Definitely, Port-based VLAN can't across different switches. As the following network diagram shown in most MTU case, for the sake of security, subscribers are isolated with each other except for the gateway. There are two switches, Switch-2 and Switch-3, supported port-based VLAN and uplink to a none-port-based VLAN switch, Switch-1.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 32 For Switch-2, port 1, port 2, and port 3 are allowed to communicate back and forth with uplink port 4, but not with other ports. • Switch-2 VLAN 1 member port: port 1 and port 4 • Switch-2 VLAN 2 member port: port 2 and port 4 • Switch-2 VLAN 3 member port: port 3 and port 4 For Switch-3, port 2, port 3, and port 4 are allowed to communicate back and forth with uplink port 1, but not with other ports. • Switch-3 VLAN 1 member port: port 2 and port 1 • Switch-3 VLAN 2 member port: port 3 and port 1 • Switch-2 VLAN 3 member port: port 4 and port 1 Host A can't talk to Host B due to the port-based VLAN in Switch-2, and Host C can't talk to Host D due to the port-based VLAN in Switch-3. But both Switch-2 and Switch-3 uplink to the none VLAN Switch-1. Host A and Host B will talk to Host C and Host D via the none VLAN switch because port-based VLAN can't across different switches. To achieve the security between different switches, you must put another port-based VLAN switch for the uplink. Each port on the uplink switch also should be separated into different VLAN, except for the port to the gateway. So subscribers only can talk to the gateway for Internet access but not communicate with each other.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 33 For Switch-1, port 1, port2, and port 3 are allowed to communicate back and forth with uplink port 4, but not with other ports. • Switch-1 VLAN 1 member port: port 1 and port 4 • Switch-1 VLAN 2 member port: port 2 and port 4 • Switch-1 VLAN 3 member port: port 3 and port 4 How to configure Port-Based VLAN Port-based VLANs are VLANs where the packet forwarding decision is based on the destination MAC address and its associated port.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 34 Scenario In this scenario, Port Based VLAN is used to separate one physical Switch into two smaller logical Switches. Port 1~4 and 9, 10 are in one group. And Port 5~10 are in another group. Port-based VLANs are specific only to the switch on which they were created.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 35 Configuring your Switch to fulfill this scenario (GUI) 1. Connect port 1 with a PC or Notebook via the RJ45 Cable. 2. By default the MGMT IP on every port is 192.168.1.1/24 3. Set your NIC to 192.168.1.2/24 4. Open an Internet browser such as IE and give http://192.168.1.1 on the URL. 5. By default you will need to put “admin” as the username and “1234” as the password. 6. After you login successfully, you will see a similar screen like below. 7. First, we need to tell the Switch to run VLAN as port based instead of 802.1q based. In order to do so, we first click on the “Basic Setting”, then “Switch Setup”; on your right screen the VLAN Type, choose “Port Based” instead of “802.1Q”, and click “Apply” to save your changes.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 36 8. Now, you need to tell the Switch how you are going to separate the physical Switch into some logical small Switches. Thus, we click “Advanced Application” then “VLAN”. On the right screen, check the boxes to suit your need. In this case, we need to make port 1~4 and port 9, 10 in a group in order for them to communicate in both ways. And port 5~10 in another group but these two groups cannot talk with each others. Here we also logically defined Port 9 and Port 10 as the uplink ports. Therefore, both groups can pass data to Port 9 and Port 10. In another word, these two ports belong to both of the groups on the same time. Please confirm if your setting looks similar to below.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 37 9. Finally, you can now verify your result. If everything works fine, PC A can ping PC B and PC Z. But it cannot ping PC C or PC D. On the same time, this should work vice versa. 10. For example, PC A: 192.168.1.4/24 PC B: 192.168.1.5/24 PC C: 192.168.1.6/24 PC D: 192.168.1.7/24 PC Z: 192.168.1.99/24 11. PING PC B from PC A (Should work)

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 38 12. PING PC Z from PC A (Should work) 13. PING PC C from PC A (Should NOT work)

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 39 Configuring your Switch to fulfill this scenario (CLI) 1. Connect the Switch Console port with your PC or Notebook. 2. Open your Terminal program.(Ex, Hyper Terminal in Windows System) 3. Make sure that your port settings are bps:9600 Data bits:8 Parity: None Stop bits:1 Flow control: None: 4. After you connected successfully, give the correct user name and password. 5. Put “en” or “enable” to go into the privileged mode. Then put “config” to go into the configuration mode. 6. Put the following commands to setup Port Based VLAN on your Switch in this

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 40 scenario. 7. When all of the above are done, do not forget to give the “write memory” command under the enable mode to save your configuration. What is IEEE 802.1Q Tag-based VLAN? • Tag-based VLAN Overview Regarding IEEE 802.1Q standard, Tag-based VLAN uses an extra tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges. This tag is used for VLAN and QoS (Quality of Service) priority identification. The VLANs can be created statically by hand or dynamically through GVRP. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that switches need to

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 41 process the frame across the network. A tagged frame is four bytes longer than an untagged frame and contains two bytes of TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier, residing within the type/length field of the Ethernet frame) and two bytes of TCI (Tag Control Information, starts after the source address field of the Ethernet frame). • TPID: TPID has a defined value of 8100 in hex. When a frame has the EtherType equal to 8100, this frame carries the tag IEEE 802.1Q / 802.1P. • Priority: The first three bits of the TCI define user priority, giving eight (2^3) priority levels. IEEE 802.1P defines the operation for these 3 user priority bits. • CFI: Canonical Format Indicator is a single-bit flag, always set to zero for Ethernet switches. CFI is used for compatibility reason between Ethernet type network and Token Ring type network. If a frame received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not be forwarded as it is to an untagged port. • VID: VLAN ID is the identification of the VLAN, which is basically used by the standard 802.1Q. It has 12 bits and allows the identification of 4096 (2^12) VLANs. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID of 0 is used to identify priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible VLAN configurations are 4,094. Note that user priority and VLAN ID are independent of each other. A frame with VID (VLAN Identifier) of null (0) is called a priority frame, meaning that only the priority level is significant and the default VID of the ingress port is given as the VID of the frame.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 42 • How 802.1Q VLAN works According to the VID information in the tag, the switch forward and filter the frames among ports. These ports with same VID can communicate with each other. IEEE 802.1Q VLAN function contains the following three tasks, Ingress Process, Forwarding Process and Egress Process. 1. Ingress Process: Each port is capable of passing tagged or untagged frames. Ingress Process identifies if the incoming frames contain tag, and classifies the incoming frames belonging to a VLAN. Each port has its own Ingress rule. If Ingress rule accept tagged frames only, the switch port will drop all incoming non-tagged frames. If Ingress rule accept all frame type, the switch port simultaneously allow the incoming tagged and untagged frames: • When a tagged frame is received on a port, it carries a tag header that has a explicit VID. Ingress Process directly pass the tagged frame to Forwarding Process. • An untagged frame doesn't carry any VID to which it belongs. When a

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 43 untagged frame is received, Ingress Process insert a tag contained the PVID into the untagged frame. Each physical port has a default VID called PVID (Port VID). PVID is assigned to untagged frames or priority tagged frames (frames with null (0) VID) received on this port. After Ingress Process, all frames have 4-bytes tag and VID information, and then go to Forwarding Process. 2. Forwarding Process: The Forwarding Process decides to forward the received frames according to the Filtering Database. If you want to allow the tagged frames can be forwarded to certain port, this port must be the egress port of this VID. The egress port is an outgoing port for the specified VLAN, that is, frames with specified VID tag can go through this port. The Filtering Database stores and organizes VLAN registration information useful for switching frames to and from switch ports. It consists of static registration entries (Static VLAN or SVLAN table) and dynamic registration entries (Dynamic VLAN or DVLAN table). SVLAN table is manually added and maintained by the administrator. DVLAN table is automatically learned via GVRP protocol, and can't be created and upgraded by the administrator. The VLAN entries in Filtering Database have the following information: 1. VID: VLAN ID 2. Port: The switch port number 3. Ad Control: Registration administration control. There are 3 type of ad control, including forbidden registration, fixed registration and normal registration.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 44 • Forbidden registration: This port is forbidden to be the egress port of specified VID.. • Fixed registration: While ad control is fixed registration, it means this is a static registration entry. This port is the egress port of the specified VID (a member port of the specified VLAN). The frames with specified VID tag can go through this port. • Normal registration: While ad control is normal registration, it means this is a dynamic registration entry. The forwarding decision is depended on Dynamic VLAN table. 4. Egress tag Control: This information is used for Egress Process. The value may be tagged or untagged. If the value is tagged, the outgoing frame on the egress port is tagged. If the value is untagged, the tag will be removed before frame leaves the egress port. VID Port Ad Control Tag Control 10 1 Forbidden Tag 10 2 Fixed Tag 10 3 Normal UnTag 20 1 Fixed Tag 20 5 Fixed UnTag Filtering Database VID Egress Port 10 1 10 2 20 3 Dynamic VLAN (DVLAN) table 3. Egress Process: The Egress Process decides if the outgoing frames but be sent tagged or untagged. The Egress Process refers to the egress tag control information in

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 45 Filtering Database. If the value is tagged, the outgoing frame on the egress port is tagged. If the value is untagged, the tag will be removed before frame leaves the egress port. How to connect two switches using VLAN? I want to make VLAN on two layer 2 switches, and I want to connect first switch to second switch with trunk port. There will be 5 VLAN on first Switch and there will be 7 VLAN on second switch. Trunk port will be port 25 on both switches as well. I made VLAN s on both switch, but I did not find trunk options on both switches. How can I use Port 25 as trunk port? The scenario is described as below: Where the configurations of VLAN in this two switches are: VLAN 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 on switch A VLAN 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on switch B Configuration of VLAN on switch A

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 46 ------------------------------------- 2. Configuration of VLAN on switch B Answer: ------------------------------------- In switch A, add port 25 in each VLAN VID:101 (port 1,2,3,"25 TAG") VID:102 (port 4,5,6,,"25 TAG") VID:103 (port 7,8,9,10,"25 TAG") VID:104 (port 23,24,"25 TAG") VID:105 (port 11,12,13,14,"25 TAG") VID:106 (port 15,16,17,"25 TAG") VID:107 (port 18,19.20,21,"25 TAG") ------------------------------------- In switch B, add port 25 in each VLAN VID:101 (port 1,2,3,,4,"25 TAG")

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 47 VID:102 (port 6,7,8,9,10,"25 TAG") VID:103 (port 11,12,13,14,"25 TAG") VID:104 (port 15,16,17,18,"25 TAG") VID:105 (port 19,20,21,23,22"25 TAG) Clients in same VLAN on both switches can communicate each other. PVID: z Set PVID on switch 1 Port 1, 2, 3 : 101 Port 4, 5, 6 : 102 Port 7, 8, 9, 10 : 103 Port 23, 24: 104 Port 11, 12, 13, 14: 105 Port 15, 16, 17: 106 Port 18, 19, 20, 21: 107 port 25: PVID=any z Set PVID on switch 2: Port 1, 2, 3, 4 : 101 Port 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, : 102 Port 11, 12, 13, 14, : 103 Port 15, 16, 17, 18: 104 Port 19, 20, 21, 22, 23: 105 Port 25:PVID=any

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 48 Setting up VLAN Trunking With the benefit of deploying VLAN trunking, we can connect two switches by a port that is configured as VLAN trunking port. PC1 with each VLAN tag frames from switch 1 can communicate with PC2 with another VLAN tag frames in switch 2 via VLAN trunking port. In our example, we set up port 5 in switch 1 as the VLAN Trunking port while in switch 2, we set up port 10 as the VLAN Trunking port. In the switch 1, the configuration is:

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 49 In the switch 2, the configuration is In the switch 1, we set port 2 as VLAN 2 untag

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 50 In the switch 2, we set port 6 as VLAN 2 untag. The switch 1 IP address: 192.168.1.31 The switch 2 IP address: 192.168.1.21 After the configuration, we can observe that in the switch 1, the PC1 running on port 2 can find the PC2 running on port 6 in the switch 2.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 51 How to configure GVRP? Description: In this scenario, PCs belong to different divisions within a single corporation can not communicate with each other, and we leave some ports of switches for GVRP-aware PC and others for VLAN-unaware PC. So network administrator can manage and configure VLAN smartly based on different devices and requirements. For switches on floor 1 and 2, PC connecting to port 3 joins VLAN 10 statically; PC connecting to port 4 joins VLAN 20 statically; and PCs connecting to port 1&2 can join VLAN 10/20/30 which determined by its configuration on GVRP-aware NIC dynamically. For switch on basement, PC connecting to port 1 joins VLAN 30 while PC connecting to port 3 can join VLAN10/20/30 dynamically. Please Note: all clients connecting to switches in this scenario should be located in the same subnet (in this example, the subnet is 192.168.1.0/24) How to configure this scenario: 1. For Switch A on Floor 2:

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 52 Please enter VLAN setting under Advanced Application menu and click “static VLAN” to bring up the following screen, adding VLAN 10: port 3, fixed, untag; port 23, fixed, Tx tagging”. Add VLAN 20 to this switch, VLAN 20: port 4, fixed, untag; port 23, fixed, Tx tagging. Please click VLAN port setting to bring up the following screen, setup PVID 10 for port 3, PVID 20 for port 4, and enable GVRP on the top of the screen and port 1, port 2, port 23.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 53 2. For Switch B on Floor 1: Please follow the same steps to adding VLAN 10: port 3, fixed, untag; port 23, fixed, Tx tagging; port 24, fixed, Tx tagging”. Add VLAN 20 to this switch, VLAN 20: port 4, fixed, untag; port 23, fixed, Tx tagging; port 24, fixed, Tx tagging.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 54 Please click VLAN port setting to bring up the following screen, setup PVID 10 for port 3, PVID 20 for port 4, and enable GVRP on the top of the screen and port 1, port 2, port 23, port 24. 3. For Switch C on Basement: Please set static VLAN 10: port 23, fixed, untag.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 55 Please set static VLAN 20: port 23, fixed, untag. Please add VLAN 30: port 1, fixed, untag; port23, fixed, untag; port 24, fixed, Tx tagging.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 56 Please setup PVID 30 for port 1 and enable GVRP on port 3 and port 24. Then, this scenario is done here.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 57 IP Multicasting How to setup IGMP snooping in your switch? Figure 1: IGMP and IGMP snooping IGMP snooping is designed for application with deployment of multicast traffic. It operates on the underlying IGMP mechanism where a layer two switch passively listens to the IGMP Query, Report and Leave (IGMP version 2) packets transmitted between the IGMP router and clients and collects passing IGMP messages. After that, the switch records the message’s group registration information, and configures multicasting information accordingly. If the multicast group information is unknown (not recorded on the switch), the switch discards that multicast traffic. Only the registered clients that join the group will receive multicast stream from the IGMP router. Thus this significantly reduces the multicast traffic forwarded down to the clients. Another advantage of IGMP snooping is to allow the intermediate switch to learn multicast group information without manually configuring switches.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 58 Configuration of IGMP snooping by web In this example, we enable the IGMP function on the GS-4024 (an IGMP router) to connect to a multimedia server. Also, we enable IGMP snooping function on the ES-3124 or other ZyXEL L2 Switch to connect to the multimedia clients. Figure 2: IGMP snooping Example Step one: In the GS-4024, click the IP Application, select IGMP where, IGMP function can be enabled and we can select either IGMP-v1 or IGMP-v2. Figure 3: IGMP Setup

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 59 Step two: In the L2 Switch, click Basic Setting and then Switch Setup where we can enable IGMP snooping function with WEB-GUI. Figure 4: IGMP Snooping Setup Configuration of IGMP and IGMP snooping by CLI Step one: Enable IGMP function In the configure mode GS-4024(config)# router igmp Step two: Enable IGMP snooping

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 60 In the configure mode of CLI, L2Switch(config)# igmp-snooping Step three: Display the IGMP Status In the exec mode of CLI GS-4024# show router igmp Step Four: Display the IGMP snooping Status In the exec mode of CLI L2Switch# show igmp-snooping ______________________________________________________________ Note: One thing needs to be mentioned is that in the IGMP router, we do not need to enable IGMP snooping function.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 61 Overview of MVR MVR refers to Multicast VLAN Registration that enables a media server to transmit multicast stream in a single multicast VLAN while clients receiving multicast VLAN stream can reside in different VLANs. Clients in different VLANs intend to join or leave the multicast group simply by sending the IGMP Join/leave message to a receiver port. The receiver port belongs to one of the multicast group can receive multicast stream from media server. In the Figure 1, without support of MVR, the Multicast stream from media server and subscriber must reside in the same VLAN. For each VLAN, A media server is required to transmit multicast stream once and totally, media server transmits 6 times. In the Figure 2, on the contrary, with MVR, a media server is required to transmit multicast traffic once to clients in different VLANs. Figure 1

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 62 Figure 2 MVR Mode ‹ Dynamic Mode If we select the dynamic mode in MVR setting, IGMP report message transmitted from the receiver port will be forwarded to a multicast router through its source port. Multicast router knows which multicast groups exist on which interface dynamically. ‹ Compatible mode If we select the dynamic mode in MVR setting, IGMP report message transmitted from the receiver port will not be transmitted to a multicast router. Multicast router must be statically configured. Operation Mode ‹ Join Operation A subscriber sends an IGMP report message to the switch to join the appropriate multicast. Whether IGMP report matches the switch

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 63 configured multicast MAC address. If matches, the switch CPU modifies the hardware address table to include this receiver port and VLAN as a forwarding destination of the MVLAN ‹ Leave Operation Subscriber sends an IGMP leave message to the switch to leave the multicast. The switch CPU sends an IGMP group-specific query through the receiver port VLAN. If there is another subscriber in the VLAN, subscriber must respond within the max response time. If there is no subscriber, the switch eliminates this receiver port. ‹ Immediate Leave Operation Subscriber sends an IGMP leave message to the switch to leave the multicast. Subscribers do not need to wait the switch CPU to send an IGMP group-specific query through the receiver port VLAN. The switch will immediately eliminate this receiver port. Scenario of MVR In the following section, we will provide an example to illustrate how to configure MVR. In this scenario, the main job of media server is to transmit the media stream via port 10 to ES-4024A and the multicast traffic flowing into the ES-4024A will be tagged with PVID=100. In the ES-3124, we enable the MVR function to allocate the multicast traffic from ES-4024A to separate VLAN hosts. Figure 3 illustration of MVR

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 64 Configuration via Web Step 1: We need to create a VLAN for multicast traffic in ES-4024A. In the ES-4024A, Click the Advanced Application and then select the VLAN and in the VLAN Configuration, create a new VLAN 100. Figure 4 VLAN Configuration Step 2, In the ES-4024A, click the Advanced Application and then select the VLAN. In the VLAN port Setting, please be noted to set the PVID of the port 10 to 100 as the multicast traffic that flowing from media server in port 10 must be tagged with PVID=100 to communicate with the port in MVR VLAN 100 in ES-3124.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 65 Figure 5 VLAN Port Setting Step 3, we need to create separate VLANs for different Clients. In the ES-3124, in the Advanced Application, click Multicast to enter the Multicast Setting and configure the MVR VLAN=100. Define port 14, port 15 and port 16 as the receiver ports to forward multicast stream to clients in different VLANs; set port 22 as a source port to receive traffic from the media server. Also, we select mode as dynamic mode. The switch sends IGMP report message to multicast router through its source port. Figure 6 MVR Configuration

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 66 Step 4: In the ES-3124, after the MVR configuration, click the Advanced Application to browse the VLAN Status and see we have add a new VLAN 100 in the VLAN list. We also create three separate VLANs, 20, 30, 40 and assign their PVID as 20, 30 and 40 respectively. Figure 7 VLAN Status

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 67 Figure 8 VLAN Port Setting Step 5: Before we start to use the MVR, it is quite fundamental to enable the IGMP Snooping first. In the ES-3124 Menu, click the Multicast and go toe the Multicast Setting, activate the IGMP Snooping. Figure 10 Multicast Setting

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 68 Step 6: In the ES-3124, in the advanced application, select Multicast, and then in the Multicast setting, and choose MVR and click the Group configuration. Here, we configure 233.1.1.1~ 233.1.1.100 as the range of multicast address and only the clients belong to that range of multicast group will receive the multicast traffic. Figure 11 Group Configuration

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 69 Configuration via CLI Step 1: On the ES-3124, in the configure mode, create VLAN 100 ES-3124# config ES-3124(config)# vlan 100 Step 2: In the VLAN 100, set the port 22 to be fixed port. ES-3124(config-vlan)# fixed 22 Step 3: On the ES-3124, in the configure mode, create VLAN 20, and set the port 4 and port 14 to be fixed port. ES-3124(config)# vlan 20 ES-3124(config-vlan)# untagged 4 ES-3124(config-vlan)# fixed 4 ES-3124(config-vlan)# untagged 14 ES-3124(config-vlan)# fixed 14 Step 4: On the ES-3124, in the configure mode, create VLAN 30, and set the port 5 and port 15 to be fixed port. ES-3124(config)# vlan 30 ES-3124(config-vlan)# untagged 5 ES-3124(config-vlan)# fixed 5 ES-3124(config-vlan)# untagged 15 ES-3124(config-vlan)# fixed 15 Step 5: On the ES-3124, in the configure mode, create VLAN 40, and set the port 6 and port 16 to be fixed port. ES-3124(config)# vlan 40 ES-3124(config-vlan)# untagged 6 ES-3124(config-vlan)# fixed 6 ES-3124(config-vlan)# untagged 16 ES-3124(config-vlan)# fixed 16 Step 6: On the ES-3124, set the PVID of specific VLAN 20 ES-3124(config)# interface port-channel 4

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 70 ES-3124(config-interface)# pvid 20 ES-3124(config-interface)# exit ES-3124(config)# interface port-channel 14 ES-3124(config-interface)# pvid 20 Step 7: On the ES-3124, set the PVID of specific VLAN 30 ES-3124(config)# interface port-channel 5 ES-3124(config-interface)# pvid 30 ES-3124(config-interface)# exit ES-3124(config)# interface port-channel 15 ES-3124(config-interface)# pvid 30 Step 8: On the ES-3124, set the PVID of specific VLAN 40 ES-3124(config)# interface port-channel 6 ES-3124(config-interface)# pvid 40 ES-3124(config-interface)# exit ES-3124(config)# interface port-channel 16 ES-3124(config-interface)# pvid 40 Step 9: On the ES-3124, in the configure mode, enable IGMP snooping ES-3124(config)#igmpsnooping Step 10: On the ES-3124, in the configure mode, create MVR ES-3124(config)# mvr 100 Step 11: Define the Dynamic mode ES-3124(config-mvr)# mode dynamic Step 12: on the ES-3124, in the MVR 100, set up the multicast group address. ES-3124(config-mvr)# group test start-address 233.1.1.1 end-address 233.1.1.100 Step 13: In the MVR 100, specify receiver ports on port 14~16 as tagged ports ES-3124(config-mvr)# receiver-port 14-16 ES-3124(config-mvr)# untagged 14-16

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 71 Step 14: Then, specify the source port 22 and assign it to be tagged ports ES-3124(config-mvr)# source-port 22 ES-3124(config-mvr)# tagged 22

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 72 To ring a network by building reducdent links and connections between Switch What is Spanning Tree Protocol • Spanning Tree Overview Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 protocol designed to run on bridges and switches. The specification for STP is defined in IEEE 802.1d. The main purpose of STP is to ensure that you do not run into a loop situation when you have redundant paths in your network. STP detects/disables network loops and provides backup links between switches or bridges. It allows the device to interact with other STP compliant devices in your network to ensure that only one path exists between any two stations on the network. The redundant topology without STP will cause the following problem: 1. Broadcast storm: Without Spanning Tree loop avoidance mechanism, each switch will endlessly flood broadcast packets to all ports. This situation is called broadcast storm. 1. When Host sends a broadcast frame, like an ARP request to Router, the frame will be received by Switch A. 2. Switch A identify the destination MAC address field (broadcast FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF) in the frame and determine to flood it onto Segment B. 3. When the broadcast frame arrives at Switch B, Switch will repeat above process, flood it to Segment A. 4. The broadcast frame will endlessly travel around the loop network even Router has already received this frame.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 73 2. Filtering Database Instability: When multiple copies of a frame arrive at different ports of a switch, the MAC entry instability in Filtering Database will occur. 1. Host sends an unicast frame to Router (source MAC address is Host's MAC, destination MAC address is Router's MAC). Both Switch A and Switch B will receive this frame and learn MAC address of Host on Port 2. 2. Switch A has not yet learned the MAC address of Router. So Switch A will flood a copy of the received frame to Segment B. 3. When the copy of the frame from Switch A arrives at Switch B, Switch B will remove the first entry (Host MAC address on Port 2) in Filtering Database and add a new mapping of Host MAC address on Port 1. Switch B incorrectly learn Host MAC address on Port 1. Switch B can't forward frames properly because the instability of mapping MAC address to Port.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 74 How STP Works Spanning Tree provide a loop-free network. When a switch supported STP recognize a loop in the network topology, it blocks one or more redundant ports. Spanning Tree Protocol continually explore the network, so when the network topology changes, STP automatically reconfigure switch ports to avoid the failure by blocking certain port. Spanning tree algorithm aware switches (bridges) exchange configuration messages periodically. The configuration message is a multicast frame called BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) or Hello message. According to BPDU, these STP aware will construct a loop free network with "tree" architecture. STP operation is listed as the following: 1. Select a root bridge Only one switch/ bridge can be selected as the root bridge in a given network. All other decisions in the network, such as which port is blocked and which port is put in forwarding mode, are made regarding this root bridge. The root bridge is the "root" of the constructed "tree". 1. One of the important field included in the BPDU is the bridge ID. Each bridge has unique bridge ID. The root bridge is the bridge with the lowest bridge ID in the spanning tree network.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 75 2. The bridge ID includes two parts, bridge priority (2 bytes) and bridge MAC address (6 bytes). The 802.1d default bridge priority is 32768. For example, a switch with default priority 32768 (8000 hex), MAC address is 00:A0:C5:12:34:56, its bridge ID is 8000:00A0:C512:3456. 3. On the root bridge, all its ports are designated ports. Designated ports are always in the forwarding state. While in forwarding state, a port can receive and send traffic. 2. Select a root port for the non-root bridge For the non-root switch/bridge, there will be one root port. The root port is the port through which this non-root switch / bridge communicates with the root bridge (the "leaf" side of the "tree"). 1. The root port is the port on the non-root bridge with the lowest path cost to the root bridge. The root port is normally in forwarding state. 2. Path cost is the total cost of transmitting a frame on to a LAN through that port to bridge root. It is assigned according to the bandwidth of the link. The slower the media, the higher the cost. Some of the path costs specified in the IEEE 802.1d specification are listed below. Link Speed Recommended Cost Recommended Cost Range 4Mbps 250 100 to 1000 10Mbps 100 50 to 600 16Mbps 62 40 to 400 100Mbps 19 10 to 60 1Gbps 4 3 to 10 10Gbps 2 1 to 5 3. When multiple ports have the same path cost to root bridge, the port with lowest port priority is selected as root port. 3. Select a designated port on each segment

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 76 For each LAN segment (collision domain), there is a designated port. The designated port has the lowest cost to the root bridge. Designated ports are normally in the forwarding state to forward and receive traffic to the segment. If more than one port in the segment have the same path cost, the port on which bridge has lowest bridge ID is selected as a designated port. 1. How STP works After STP determines the lowest cost spanning tree, it enables all root ports and designated ports, and disables all other ports. Network packets are therefore only forwarded between root ports and designated ports, eliminating any possible network loops. STP-aware devices exchange Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) periodically. When the bridged LAN topology changes, a new spanning tree is constructed. Once a stable network topology has been established, all bridges listen for Hello BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) transmitted from the root bridge. If a bridge does not get a Hello BPDU after a predefined interval (Max Age), the bridge assumes that the link to the root bridge is down. This bridge then initiates negotiations with other bridges to reconfigure the network to re-establish a valid network topology. For example: Switch A: MAC = 00A0C5111111, Priority = 32768 Switch B: MAC = 00A0C5222222, Priority = 32768 Switch C: MAC = 00A0C5333333 Priority = 1 Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Port 2 Port 1 Cost 19 100 Cost 19 100 Cost 19 Priority 128 128 Priority 128 128 Priority 128

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 77 1. Switch A bridge ID = 8000:00A0:C511:1111, Switch B bridge ID = 8000:00A0:C522:2222, Switch C bridge ID = 0001:00A0:C533:3333. Switch C has the lowest bridge ID, so Switch C is the root bridge. All ports of the root bridge are designated ports, so Port 1 is designated port. 2. For non-root bridge Switch A, Port 1 path cost to root bridge is 19, Port 2 path cost is 119, 100 (Switch A Port 2) + 19 (Switch B Port 1). For Switch B, Port 1 path cost is 19, Port 2 path cost is 119. Root port = Port 1 of Switch A and Switch B because it has the lowest path cost to the root bridge Switch C. 3. On Segment A, both Port 2 of Switch A and Switch B have the same path cost to root bridge. Since Switch A has lower bridge ID than Switch B, the designated port is selected on Switch A. So Port 2 of Switch A is designated port. Blocking = Port 2 of Switch B, the non designated port on the segment. Forwarding = All designated ports and root ports.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 78 Switching security MAC freeze As an added protection against network intrusion attacks, ZyXEL has implemented the MAC Freeze feature on ES-2108 Series, ES-3124, ES-2024, ES-3100 Series and ES-4024A. Security has been the focus of our Ethernet switch design. This feature will also be available for GS-4024, GS-4012F, GS-3012 Series, GS-2024 and new switch models in future firmware releases. With the MAC freeze feature enabled, dynamic MAC addresses on specified ports are stored in the static MAC address table. At the same time, MAC address learning is disabled on these ports thus denying network access for computers within unknown MAC addresses. Without the MAC freeze function, any computer can access the network through a switch port. The port automatically learns the computer’s MAC address and stores that to the MAC address table. Activate the MAC freeze function on a port by entering the port-security [port number] MAC-freeze command in the CLI. The following figure shows an example where the MAC freeze feature is enabled on port 6. The switch automatically copies all dynamically learnt MAC address on port 6 to the static MAC address. Figure 1: Enable MAC Freeze Example

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 79 You can display the Static MAC Address screen in the web configurator to view the copied MAC addresses. Figure 2: Displaying MAC Addresses From MAC Freeze After you enabled MAC freeze on port 6 using the CLI command, the switch automatically disables MAC address learning on that port. Display the Port Security screen to verify this. Figure 3: Disabled Automatic MAC Address Learning After MAC Freeze

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 80

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 81 Setting up 802.1x Radius Authentication. Port-Authentication -- RADIUS settings: Click Advanced Application, Port Authentication in the navigation panel to display configuration screen as shown. Click Enable Authentication Server and set the RADIUS server IP address, UDP port and shared Secret, which is the same as Radius server. Then click Apply to make the settings take effect. Click the 802.1x link to enter the 802.1x settings. Check the Enable Authentication and click Apply button to enable 802.1x authentication. Check Enable to turn on 802.1x authentication on that port. You can leave other settings as default values. Click Apply to save your changes.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 82 RADIUS server setup Click RADIUS, RADIUS SERVER in the navigation panel to display configuration screen as shown. You can use the default values or change the Authentication port, Shared Secret. Remember these values MUST be the as the settings of client. Create User Account Click RADIUS, USER ACCOUNT in the navigation panel to display configuration screen as shown. You can use the existed user account or create the new one by clicking Add New User button. Remember the client site MUST use the account in RADIUS server. Windows XP(Supplicant) settings: There are many supplicants we can choose like MeetingHouse Aegis client, Funk Odyssey client and Microsoft 802.1x client. We take Microsoft

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 83 802.1x client as an example here. 802.1x/MD5-challenge setup Open the Local Area connection Properties, and then click Authentication page. Check the Enable IEEE 802.1x authentication for this network and select the MD5-challenge in EAP type combobox. Please see the following figure. When the 802.1x starts, it will prompt you to enter the user name and password. Please see the following figure.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 84 After click the icon, there will be a dialog for entering the user name and password. Click ok after input the correct user name and password that are in the database of authentication server. The settings of client site are finished.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 85 After finishing the above procedures, we can allow the authenticated port the access the server. If the switch port doesn’t be authenticated, the PCs behind the port can’t access the network.

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 86 Setting up Classifier & Policy rule on your Switch How should I configure if I only allow certain IP address on a certain port to forward its traffic but deny all others? In the beginning, we need to set up the classifier to group traffic into data flows based on some such as source address, destination address, port number and packet format. In this example, we specify which format of the packet that ES-3124 applies its policy rules. We define three rules. Firstly, we define a classifier that source address is coming from 192.168.1.20; secondly, we specify a classifier that is based on port 2; finally, we define a classifier that is ARP traffic for testing. After the classification, we need to define the policy rule to ensure that the traffic gets the deserved treatment in the network. Here, we also define three policy rules. The first policy rule is to forward only the traffic from 192.168.1.20. The second policy rule is to discard all the traffic from port 2 on first classifier; and we apply the second policy rule on second classifier. Finally, the last policy rule is set to forward the traffic that is ARP packet format. Below is the configuration of classifier and policy rule. Classifier 1

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 87 z Classifier 2 3. Classifier 3

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 88 Policy Rule Configuration 1. Policy rule on Classifier 1 2. Policy rule on classifier 2

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 89 3. Policy rule on classifier 3

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 90 Centralized Management Introduction of SNMPc and NetAtlas With the number of network device increase, the demand to detect and respond to the network failure or external event in a very short time posts a great challenge to network administrator. How to easily manage and monitor network devices across networks becomes more and more important in network management. Figure 1 presents main elements of the system architecture. Element Management System (EMS), NetAtlas provides a centralized remote management platform and acts as SNMPc manager to perform network configuration, system management, event/alarm management, performance management and security for all ZyXEL’s Ethernet Switch solutions. SNMPc is network management software produced by Castle Rock that constantly probe the network element (NE) and collect information of those NE for EMS. Underneath the EMS is Postgres SQL, the enterprise relational database system, provides query for EMS Figure 1 System Architecture

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 91 Overview of SNMPc The following diagram shows the main elements of SNMPc. SNMPc includes the following function ♦ Main Button Bar: Button and controls to execute commands quickly ♦ Edit Button Bar: Button to quickly insert map element ♦ Event Log Tool: Button display filtered event log entries ♦ View Window Area: Map View, Mib Tables and Mib Graph windows are displayed here. ♦ View Window Area: Map View, Mib Tables and Mib Graph windows. Figure 2 Main elements of SNMPc

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 92 Overview of EMS The following diagram illustrates the main elements in EMS. EMS contains the four main functions. ♦ Menu Shortcut Bar: The buttons execute common commands ♦ Device Panel: This is a graphical device display. ♦ Device List Panel: View devices in a tree structure. The colors of the device indicate the status of the devices. Green is working and Rd is no response from the device. ♦ System message Panel: View the alarm Status and port status of the selected switch. Figure 3 Overview of EMS

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 93 Configuration of adding a new device via SNMPc In the following example, we will illustrate how to get started with SNMPc and Netatlas with adding a new device. Follow the procedures from Step 1 to Step 11. Step 1: In the edit button bar shown in the Figure 4 where you may select the icon to insert a new element. Figure 4 Adding a new Device

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 94 Step 2: In the map object properties, give the label name and enter the IP address of the selected device. In this example, we configure 172.23.3.11 as its IP address of your Switch as shown in Figure 5 Figure 5 Map Object Properties Step 4: In the map object properties, select Access tab to set the parameters of Read Access Mode to SNMP V2c shown in Figure 6. Change the value of Add a new device

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 95 Read Access Mode to SNMP V2c. Figure 6 Read Access mode Step 5: In the map object properties, select Access tab to set the parameters of Read /Write Access Mode to SNMP V2c shown in Figure 7. Change the value of Read/write Access Mode to SNMP V2c. Figure 7 Read/Write Access Mode

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 96 Step 6: In the map object properties, select Access tab to set the parameters of Read community to public as shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 Read Community

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 97 Step 7: In the map object propeies, select Access tab to set the parameters of Read community to public in Figure 9. Change the value of Read//write Community to Public. Figure 9 Read/write Community Step 8: In the Selection tool menu, Click the name of your Switch to manage the device. Figure 10 Device Selection

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 98 Step 9: After the selection, a pop-up menu will display the NetAtlas switch manager diagram. Click the Switch Manager to enter the EMS Mapping shown in Figure 11 Figure 11 Device Selection Step 10: In the EMS mapping, it display a logical hierarchy for the device. In the device list, you may see the devices are added in the Rootmap shown in

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 99 Figure 12. Figure 12 Rootmap Step 11: Click the your Switch to configure the device shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 Device mapping

All contents copyright (c) 2006 ZyXEL Communications Corporation. 100 VLAN Configuration via EMS In this section, we will give an example to illustrate how to use EMS to create a VLAN2 in GS-4024. Here are the procedures. Step 1: In the device panel list shown in Figure 12, right-click Configuration, Switch Configuration and then Switch Setup tab as shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13. Step 2: Define the VLAN type, there are two types of VLAN, one is 802.1Q and the other is Port-based VLAN. Select 802.1Q as the VLAN type and click Apply in the Figure 14. Figure 12 Device panel list Figure 13 Switch Configuration