Sharp MZ-700 Basic Manual

DISK BASIC MANUAL SHARP

software of the MZ-700 personal computer. (1) The DISK BASIC interpreter MZ-2Z009 includes all commands of the MZ-700 BASIC 1Z-013B. In other words, the DISK BASIC is an expansion of the BASIC 1Z-013B. (2) For the multi-purpose MZ-700 personal computer, the system software is completely supported by a software pack (cassette tape, floppy disk, etc.) in the file form. This system software and the contents of this manual are subject to upgrading changes for improvement, and for that reason the user is urged to particularly note the file version number. Please understand that we cannot be responsible for damage incurred during, or as a result of operation. (3) All system software for the MZ-700 series personal computer is original software of SHARP Corporation, and is covered by applicable copyrights. The copying or reproduction of this software and/or this manual and its contents, in whole or in part, and by whatever means and for whatever reason, is expressly forbidden without the written permission by SHARP Corporation.

system software. The manual provides a general explanation of the use and programming of the DISK BASIC system software for the personal computer. This system software is provided in the floppy disk format, and careful attention should be given to the proper use and handling of the disk drive and the disks themselves. Please refer to page 108 of this manual for information regarding the proper handling of the floppy disks. When the floppy disk is to be used, it is recommended that the disk, a copy which is packed together with the original master disk (DISK BASIC), be used instead of the master disk. This is for protection of the master disk in the event of some unexpected trouble which might make the master disk useless. Please store the master disk in a safe place. Before using the DISK BASIC please carefully and completely read this manual in order to assure its correct use.

DISK BASIC. The following commands are extended and supplemented in the difference between the CASSETIE TAPE BASIC and DISK BASIC. Extension Page Supplement Page Supplement Page RUN ....................... 36 DIR ........................ 35 XOR ....................... 65 LOAD ..................... 37 LOCK ..................... 40 N()T ....................... 65 SAVE ...................... 38 UNLOCK ................ 41 OR ......................... 65 DELETE ................. 39 RENAME ................ 42 AND ....................... 65 MERGE .................. 43 CHAIN ................... 44 ROPEN # ................ 46 SWAP ..................... 45 INPUT # ................. 47 XOPEN # ................ 50 WOPEN # ............... 48 KILL # .................... 54 PRINT# ................. 49 DEFAULT ............... 55 INPUT # ( ) ........... 51 EOF# .................... 56 PRINT # ( ) ........... 52 LABEL ................... 57 CLOSE # ................ 53 WAIT ...................... 58 USR ....................... 62 SEARCH ................. 59 INP@ ..................... 63 INIT ........................ 60 OUT@ ................... 64 In addition to the above, there are the following differences: CASSETIE TAPE BASIC DISK BASIC If the space key is pressed, the LIST Once the space key is pressed, the LIST display stops, and if it is not pressed, display stops, and, if it is pressed for a the LIST display continues. second time, the LIST display con- tinues. Relative to the data file, the CASSET- Relative to the data file, the DISK TE TAPE BASIC takes the format BASIC takes the format INPUT #n, INPUTrr, etc. etc .... If, for any reason, the program execu- If CONT is possible, Ready is dis- tion is interrupted, Ready is always played. displayed.

DISK BASIC CONT is possible after execution of CONT is not possible after execution of END statement. END statement. IcrRLI + I]] has not effect. IcrRLI + I]] initialize the color and con- sole, aaQ il!iIlIilW~iI PbS:;r 8~. Neglects space between reserved words; Does not neglect space between re- considers GO~TO~lO as GOTO~ 10. served words. Does not consider GO~TO~lO as GOTO~lO. Compared to the CASSETI'E TAPE BASIC, the user area of DISK BASIC is slightly reduced so there are some instances in which a program made in CASSETTE TAPE BASIC cannot be read in (LOAD) and executed (RUN, GOTO). Because of extension, there are some instances that programs using BASIC MONITOR with the USR function do not operate normally. The introduction of file descriptor changes the error display partially . • Notes concerning the control of the floppy disk drive in MZ-700 • System composition t:J- Display CPU MZ-700 • Can be controlled also by MZ-700 by setting up the ROM explained on the next page.

• Floppy disk drive control ROM If the DISK BASIC controls the floppy disk drive (MZ-1F02), connect the ROM chip (see below) which is packed together with the DISK BASIC to the socket of the floppy disk interface (MZ-IEOS: optional). If this ROM is not connected to the floppy disk interface, the floppy disk drive cannot be controlled. Note the following points when connecting the ROM to the interface: • Take care not to drop, scratch or otherwise damage the ROM. Do not expose it to a strong magnetic field. • Take special care not to break or bend the pins of the ROM. • Before pressing the ROM into the socket, be sure that its pins are correctly aligned with the socket holes. Be sure that the notches in the ROM and socket match each other before pressing the ROM in. Do not remove the seal attached to the ROM. • Do not touch the pin of the ROM, because static electricity may destroy the ROM contents. Seal N_-ctn

Section 1: DISK BASIC Outline ................................................................. 13 1.1 Starting the DISK BASIC ................................................................. 14 1.2 How to Copy the DISK BASIC ......................................................... 15 1.3 File Control ................................................................................... 17 1.4 Sequential Access File Control .......................................................... 18 1.5 Random Access File Control ............................................................. 23 1.6 PROGRAM CHAIN (CHAIN) ......................................................... 26 1.7 PROGRAM SWAP (SWAP) ............................................................ 27 1.8 Reserved Words ............................................................................. 28 1.9 List of File Input/Output Devices ..................................................... 31 1.10 Initial Settings ................................................................................ 31 Section 2: DISK BASIC Expansion, New Commands and Statements ........... 33 DIR ........................................................................................................ 35 RUN ....................................................................................................... 36 LOAD .................................................................................................... 37 SAVE ..................................................................................................... 38 DELETE ................................................................................................. 39 LOCK ..................................................................................................... 40 UNLOCK ................................................................................................ 41 RENAME ............................................................................................... 42 MERGE .................................................................................................. 43 CHAIN ................................................................................................... 44 SWAP ..................................................................................................... 45 ROPEN # ............................................................................................... 46 INPUT # ................................................................................................. 47 WOPEN # ............................................................................................... 48 PRINT # ................................................................................................. 49 XOPEN # ............................................................................................... 50 INPUT # ( ) ........................................................................................ 51 PRINT # ( ) ........................................................................................... 52

KILL # ................................................... : ............................................... 54 DEFAULT .............................................................................................. 55 EOF(#) .................................................................................................. 56 LABEL ................................................................................................... 57 WAIT ..................................................................................................... 58 SEARCH ................................................................................................ 59 INIT ........................................................................................................ 60 USR ...................................................................................................... 62 INP@ ..................................................................................................... 63 OUT@ ................................................................................................ 64 Logical Operation ...................................................................................... 65 Section 3: BASIC Monitor Functions ......................................................... 67 3.1 Editing Format ............................................................................. 68 3.2 Printer Switch (P Command) ........................................................... 68 3.3 DUMP (D Command) ................................................................... 69 3.4 MEMORY SET (M Command) ....................................................... 69 3.5 FIND (F Command) ........................................................................ 70 3.6 GOSUB (G Command) ................................................................... 70 3.7 TRANSFER (T Command) .............................................................. 70 3.8 SAVE (S Command) ....................................................................... 70 3.9 LOAD (L Command) ...................................................................... 71 3.10 VERIFY (V Command) ................................................................... 71 3.11 RETURN (R Command) ................................................................. 71 Section 4: Application Programs ............................................................. 73 Use of the File Converter .......................................................................... 74 Section 5: DISK BASIC Summary .............................................................. 81 5.1 Summary of DISK BASIC Commands, Statements, Functions and Operations .................................................................................... 82 5.1.1 Commands .................................................................................... 82 5.1.2 File control statements ..................................................................... 84 5.1.3 BSD control statements .................................................................... 86

5.1.5 Error processing statements .............................................................. 88 5.1.6 Substitution statements .................................................................... 89 5.1.7 Input/output and color control statements ............................................ 89 5.1.8 Loop statements .......................................................................... : .. 91 5.1.9 Branch statements ........................................................................... 92 5.1.10 Definition statements ....................................................................... 93 5.1.11 Comment statements and control statements ....................................... 94 5.1.12 Music control statements .................................................................. 95 5.1.13 Machine language program control statements ...................................... 96 5.1.14 Printer control statements ................................................................. 97 5.1.15 String control function ................................................................... 100 5.1.16 Tab function ................................................................................ 101 5.1.17 Arithmetic operators ..................................................................... 101 5.1.18 Comparison logic operators ............................................................. 101 5.1.19 Other symbols .............................................................................. 102 • 5.2 Error Message List (DISK BASIC) ................................................. 104 5.3 Memory Map........................................................ ..................... 107 5.4 Use of the Floppy Disk .................................................................. 108

The DISK BASIC has a strong file control function relative to the cassette base . BASIC. For example, it makes the most of the features of a disk base which has high-speed read-outlwrite-in capabilities, and, more than simply serving for data storage, the file makes it possible to use the data area directly connected to the computer system. Moreover, because this DISK BASIC also includes the control functions related to the RS-232C interface, it makes it possible to control various devices, by using the MZ-SBI03 serial interface (optional). Thus, it can be said that the DISK BASIC is a new system software which permits the expansion of the software range of the personal computer. By understanding this DISK BASIC and making full use of its many functions, the user can create a higher level system. • File The computer can exchange data and programs between peripheral devices (floppy disk, cassette recorder, printer, etc.). The units of these data and programs are called files. • File cl.ssificatlon There are two types of files: data files and program files. 1 Data files ..... These files store numbers, characters, etc. as data. ( BASIC sequential access data files ..... BSD) Files BASIC random access data files ..... BRD Program files ..... These files store programs just as they are. ( BASIC text programs ..... BTX ) Machine language programs ..... OBJ Computer systems can be thought of as either of two fundamental types of systems: logical internal systems composed of data-processing equipment and main memories, and external filing systems composed of processed data and program banks.

There are two types of data files, depending upon the format of file access (the method of data read-out and write-in). One is called the sequential access file and the other is called the random access file. With the sequential access file, the file data access is treated as one sequential block. The file name is specified for one group of data, and such data are accessed in order from the heading at the time of registration or read-out of the file. For the random access file on the other hand, the filed data are accessed at random. One random access file is composed of one data group designated by its own file name. Each group of data is registered in the file in a parallel arrangement, and write-in and read-out of each data group is possible by using the number (expression) assigned to that data. If, for example, a collection of certain data can be handled as a connected group (such as, for example, data consisting of a series of decimal expressions used when producing machine language programs by BASIC POKE command and elements of tables that can be presented in order from the heading, etc.), collection of such data in a sequential access file can be useful and effective. The registration of data in a random access file, on the other hand, can be useful when it is necessary to not only consider the group of overall data but to read-out and/or write-in each element (when it is necessary, for example, to rewrite data or to search, arrange, delete, etc.).

The BASIC program file control commands CHAIN (page 44) and SWAP (page 45) are for read-out of another program in the memory during the execution of one program and moving the control to that program. As shown in the figure below, CHAIN has the same function as the . (For detailed information, please refer to page 26.) file "ABC" file "DEF" 10 PRINT "MZ-700" ,.- 10 PRINT "DISK BASIC" 20 20 , , , , 100 CHAIN "DEF" - 100 END CHAIN SWAP has the same function as the . After execution of movement from the currently executing program to a separate program, it is then possible to return to the first program. (For detailed information, refer to page 27.) file "GHI" file "JKL" 10 PRINT "MZ-700" ,--- 10 INPUT A, B 20 ! 20 FOR A=B TO A*B 50 SWAP "JKL" f--- , IL- i 200 END 150 END SWAP In addition it is also possible to control the various files as utility programs files and commands of the machine language program files.

This section explains the features of the DISK BASIC and outlines the file controls. First of all is an explanation of the DISK BASIC starting method. Section 2 includes a syntax explanation of the new commands and statements which the DISK BASIC has, and Section 5 includes a summary of all commands, statements, functions and operations which it has.

To make the DISK BASIC run, first perform initial loading by the IPL (Initial Program Loader). The initial loading is easily executed. With the floppy disk drive connected to the computer, switch the power supply ON and then set the disk in which the DISK BASIC is included to drive number 1 (FDl). After making the setting, the DISK BASIC will start when the power supply of the computer is switched ON and F is input. The figure below shows that DISK BASIC is started, and the BASIC command level condition is indicated by the flashing of the cursor. Disk Basic Co p y rig ht nt er pr et er MZ- XXXXX VX. XX (C) 1984 by SHARP Corp. XXXXX bytes free Note: Ready • Please specify the default device as a cassette during write-in or read-in of a program from a cassette tape, thus starting the DISK BASIC. DEFAULT "CMT:" (Refer to page 55.) • Automatic execution of BASIC text AUTO RUN The execution of AUTO RUN is included in the functions noted above. When the DISK BASIC is loadeQ and the byte size which indicates the size of the text area is displayed, the master disk is accessed once again. When the initial loading finished, the DISK BASIC automatically executes the RUN" AUTO RUN n command, Le., the program text with the "AUTO RUN" file name is read out from the same master disk, and execution is from that heading. The program which defines the definable function •

In addition, because the NEW command is at the end of this program, "READY" is displayed after execution, and the text is erased before the cursor begins flashing. (Here, try the execution of LOAD "AUTO RUN" and check the list.) If you want to start a certain program after the start of the DISK BASIC, the file name of that program should be saved on the master disk as "AUTO RUN." 1.2 How to Copy the Disk Basic Start the DISK BASIC and prepare a new floppy disk for copying. Execute the directory of DISK BASIC (DIR: refer to page 35) and "FDCOPY". 01 R "F 0 1 : " ICRI ......... Perform the directory of floppy disk drive number 1. The screen becomes as follows when this com- mand is executed: OIR "F01:" 01 RECTORY OF F01: XXKB FREE. OBJ*"OISK BASIS Ul XXX)H( i:)e.\'\.;'t>~. -IIIOBJ * "F OCOPY" I iOBJ* "TRANS" r--J BTX* "AUTO RUN" I1 Ready L_III • Using the ill key, move the cursor to the position of the - sign and press the ~ key. (RUN "FOCOPY") When "FDCOPY" is executed, the screen becomes as follows.

Ut i lit Y VX. xx [ Funct i on I F For mat d i s k C Copy d i s k I Bo ot [ Co mma n d are a I *- Insert the floppy disk prepared into drive number 2. When "F" is pressed, the screen becomes as follows and the drive number is asked, so specify number 2. *F .............................. .. Drive No.?2 OKI Input the drive number. In this instance, the drive number is 2. When the drive number is input, the floppy disk in this drive is initialized. * _ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. Indicates the end of floppy disk initialization and the waiting condition for the next command. If there is SYSTEM software in the floppy disk inserted into the floppy disk drive, the display is as follows and confirmation is asked. This is Master-Disk For ma t [Y I NI? N The meaning of display is as follows: The floppy disk inserted into the 1>pecified drive contains the SYSTEM software; is initialization and erasure OK? If it's OK, input Y; if it's not OK, input N.

the next command, and, if Y is input, the floppy disk is initialized and changes to the condition of awaiting the next command. If C is input, the screen becomes as follows: * C ............................. Copies the entire floppy disk. Source Drive NO.?1 ............ Specifies the drive of the inserted source disk (original disk) (drive number 1, in this instance). De s t n a t ion D r i ve No.? 2 ........... " Specifies the drive of the inserted destination disk (new disk) (drive number 2, in this instance). * III .............................. Indicates the end of the entire floppy disk copying and awaiting the next command. Then the copying of the DISK BASIC is finished. The DISK BASIC is started when " ! " is input. Note: If the source drive and the destination drive are the same, refer to REFERENCE (page 78). 1.3 File Control There are, as mentioned in the "File" section, 3 types of files produced by the DISK BASIC: the 2 types of data files, sequential access files (BSD) and random access files (BRD), and the BASIC text (BTX) program files. The other type of file: the machine language program files (OBJ), is a file which registers programs prepared in the MONITOR mode, etc. on the floppy disk. This can be a program by itself or it can be linked to a BASIC text as a BASIC machine language area. Thus, even though it can be used with the DISK BASIC, it is not a file to prepare and to change its contents with the DISK BASIC.

data file BASIC Text Files } L .. __ --:---r-------. program file. _ Machine Language Program Files As the various file control commands are explained, first the preparation method, the use, and the features of the 2 types of data files will be explained, followed by an explanation of the use of the CHAIN and SWAP commands of the program files. 1.4 Sequential Access File Control Sequential access files are data files in which the registration or read-out of data is in the sequential access format. The sequential access format is, as mentioned previously, a format in which access to the data is in sequential order from the heading. The method of making a data file on a cassette file has already been explained in the BASIC manual for the MZ-IZ013B. Sequential access for the DISK BASIC is exactly the same except that the file is made on the disk rather than a cassette. Naturally, the access speed is much faster, and, because several new file control commands can be used for disk access, the breadth of useful functions for file management is also enlarged. First, we will compare the composition of sequential access commands for DISK BASIC and for CASSETTE BASE BASIC. File registration (data write-in) DISK BASIC CASSETTE BASE BASIC File open command WOPEN #n, "fjJename" WOPEN "filename" Data write-in command PRINT #n, data PRINTIT data File close command CLOSE #n CLOSE Cancel command KILL #n --

DISK BASIC CASSETIE BASE BASIC File open command ROPEN #n, "fjJename" ROPEN "fjJename" Data read-out command INPUT #n, variable INPUTfT variable File close command CLOSE #n CLOSE File end detection IF EOF (#n) THEN -- As you can see, comparison of the various commands shows an almost I-to-l relationship. Note, however, that DISK BASIC commands always include elements #n. These numbers are called logical numbers, and must always be designated for DISK BASIC file access. For CASS~TIE BASE BASIC, file access for data write-in or read-out is limited to one file. For DISK BASIC, however, contains several files in order to make the best use of its random access feature at will, so that it is possible to simultaneously control several (maximum 10) files. And, if a file is opened, optionally selected logical numbers can be defined and thereafter used for designation of the pertinent file, thereby eliminating the necessity of using the file name each time. Example: As a simple example, let's consider the registration of a person's name and address in the sequential access file. Thus, all available addresses can be stored one after the other in the file. Take, for example, the following file: filename = If ADDRESS LIST" Name I Address I Name I Address I Name I Address I

because the data registered by sequential access are not usually of a fixed length; the length varies according to the data. For the random access files, to be explained later, all data are stored in boxes of a fixed length of 32 bytes. If, as in this example, data are to be handled as one group, and, as for the addresses above, 32 bytes is not sufficient, and the lengths are different, then the use of the sequential access file is convenient. A program can be made as described below, by INPUT command, to substitute names and addresses alternately in string variables, register each person's file individually, prepare an ADDRESS LIST of a total of 50 people, and then read out the prepared file and display on the screen the names and addresses of 10 persons at a time. Write-in 1 0 0 WO PEN # 3 "F D 1 : ADD RES S LIS T" ........ Designation of drive number and file name 1 1 0 FOR I =1 TO 5 0 120 INPUT "name=" ;NA$ 130 INPUT "address" = ;AD$ 140 PRI NT #3, NA$, AD$ ........................... Write-intofloppydisk 150 NEXT I 160 CLOSE #3 Read-out 200 ROPE N #4, "FD1: ADDRESS LIST" 210 FOR I =1 TO 5 FOR J =1 TO 10 220 INPUT #4, NA$, AD$ 230 PRI NT NA$ : PRI NT AD$ 240 NEXT J 250 PRI NT " PUSH SPACE KEY" 260 GET X$ F X$ " THEN 280 270 GO TO 260 280 NEXT I 290 PRI NT "END" 300 CLOSE #4 ,

What would happen if the data being read-out in order from the file surpass the number of data registered? In this case, an error does not occur. And a zero or blank is set in the read-out variable, but there is a special function EOF (#n) (page 56) which can detect the data end. When there is a data read-out by an INPUT command, EOF (#n) becomes a true condition when there is no data. As a result, if the IF EOF (#n) THEN command is placed after the INPUT # command, then if EOF (#n) becomes "true", i.e. if the end of the data is found, the command after THEN will be executed. Here use the practice problems to become sufficiently accustomed to the use of the BSD file. Practice problems Problem 1 Using the program example on the previous page, change the program assuming that the number of people registered is unknown, read-out the file 10 persons at a time until the end of the file is reached and display them. Example solution The following program might, for example, be considered. 300 ROPEN #5, " F D 1 ADDRESS LI ST" 3 1 0 FOR I =1 TO 1 0 320 INPUT #5, NA$, AD$ 330 I F E OF ( #5) THEN 400 350 NEXT 360 PRI NT " PUSH SPACE KEY" 370 GET X$: I F X$ THEN 310 380 GOTO 370 400 CLOSE #5 410 PRI NT " F I LE END" : END

registers names only and a BSD file which registers addresses only. Example solution 500 ROPEN #6, " F D 1 : ADDRESS LIST" 5 1 0 WOPEN #7, " F D1 : na me" 520 WOPEN #8, "F D1 : address" 530 INPUT #6, NA$, AD$ 540 I F E OF ( #6) THEN 600 550 PRI NT #7, NA$ 560 PRI NT #8, AD$ 570 GOTO 530 600 CLOSE #6, #7, #8 610 END Problem 3 Register the string input by INPUT command in a BSD file. But to close the file, key input "CLOSE" and to cancel it, key input "KILL". Example solution 100 WOPEN #30, "FD1: DATA" 110 I NPUT "DATA = ";A$ 120 IF A$="CLOSE" THEN CLOSE #30: END 130 IF A$="KI LL" THEN KI LL #30: END 140 PRINT #30,A$:GOTO 110

Random access files are data files in which the registration or read-out of data is in the random access format. The randoll\ access format is the format in which the access is done by specifying the array format. In other words, compared to the sequential access format in which access must be from the heading of the data, the random access format can be used for access to any data in the file at random. In order to access data in the random access file in a specified array, PRINT # (page 49) and INPUT # (page 47) are used, as described below, as expressions following logical numbers. PRINT #n (expression), data INPUT #n (expression), variable Designation of tay element The expression is assigned by numbers or variables. For example, the statement INPUT #7 (21), A$ means a command to read-out, to string variable AS, the data registered as the 21st element of the data collected as the random access file opened by logical number #7. Note that random access files in which data such as this can be accessed have the condition that all data must be register~d at a fixed length, Le., when numbers or string variables are registered in the file, they must each be set within a "box" with a limited length of 32 bytes. expression ~ 32-byte fixed length { ~ +. 12345678+ElO Random access 3 file 4 ABCDEFGHI - 5 I-Ac::B-=C _____ --t 6 : +- Variable A=O. 12345678+ElO +- String "ABCDEFGHI" :.- String "ABC" For numerical variables, even exponential expressions are always stored within the 32-byte length, but, because string variables can be as long as 249 bytes, a string which exceeds 32 bytes cannot be registered in one data element of a random access file. One other point which is different from sequential access files is that even though a file

The random access file "RND 1", for example, in which up to 20 expressions have been registered, can be enlarged to a file with 30 "boxes" by registering data as 30 new expressions. "RND I" "RND I" 1 1 2 Enlargement 2 a In addition, . data are registered by -----1~ expression = 30. 3 possible 3 • • 20 30 Example: Let's take an example in which, by using a random access file, a simple stock list file is to be made. Each product is assigned a fixed number from 1 to 50, and the file will have four items: product name, unit price, number in stock, total price (unit price x number in stock) and comments. In order to register the stock data for each product, first the product number is input, and then the information to be registered for each item is input. The program execution is ended, however, when "0" is input. Registration of stock data 100 XOPEN #5, "STORELIST" 110 INPUT "product no.";K 120 IF K=O THEN 300 130 I NPUT "product name="; N$ 140 INPUT "uni t pr ce="; P 150 INPUT "i nventory count 1 6 0 I N PUT " c 0 mme n t ="; C $ 170 T =P* S " S 180 PRINT #5(K*5-4),N$,P,S,T,C$ 190 GOTO 110 300 CLOSE #5 310 END

K=12, 5 data are registered in elements corresponding to array expressions 56 - 60. Data position a expression ~ KJl:5-4} 55 ___ 56 K=12 57 58 59 60 61 N$ p S T C$ d ata ..... product name ..... unit price ..... inventory count ..... total amount ..... comment BRD file "STORE LIST" In this way, then, data can be set in any specified array in the file. As a result, unlike the sequential access file, in which data is overlaid in order from the heading, it is also possible for there to be vacant addresses in the filed data. And, because data can be accessed at will, it is also possible to easily rewrite data. Use the practice problem to become accustomed to the use of the BRD file. Problem Let's read-out the random access file "STORE LIST" made here and read-out the inventory data for a certain product. The program execution is ended, however, when "0" is input. Read out of inventory data 500 XOPEN #7, "STORE LI ST" 5 1 0 520 530 INPUT INPUT PRI NT " pro d u c t no. ="; J : I F J =0 THE N 700 #7( J*5-4), N$, P, S, T, C$ " NO. "; J : PR I NT "p rod u c t n a me "; N$ 540 PR I NT "u n i price ";P 550 PRI NT "i nventory count" S 560 PR I NT "t 0 t a I a mo u n t "; T 5 7 0 P R I N T "c 0 mme n t "; C $ 580 GOTO 510 700 CLOSE #7 710 E NO In this way then, even for many products, the inventory data can be quickly read-out by inputting the product number.

Next, following the data file control commands, will be an explanation of program file controls. The commands explained here are CHAIN (page 44) and SWAP (page 45). When these commands are used, the program is registered on the floppy disk in job units and, while the program is being run, a separate program can be read-out and control moved to it, i.e., a program can be connected (CHAIN) to a program registered on the floppy disk, and can be read-out (SWAP) in the form of a sub routine. The CHAIN command, which connects and links the programs, will be explained first. The form of a CHAIN command can be, for example, as follows: 700 CHAI N "F01: TeXT 2" This statement means that the program currently within the text area is made NEW (although the variable will be retained), the "TEXT 2" file registered on the floppy disk in drive number 1 is to be overlaid (that is, to overlay text areas and be read out), and control is moved to the heading of that text. When this statement is executed, control will move away from the BASIC text now running, newly read out the "TEXT 2" text, and control will move to that heading. When the program CHAIN is executed, the variable, and the function defined by DEF FN, will be transferred to the CHAIN destination program. The CHAIN command function can be taken as . . file "ABC" ~ file "DEF" - 10 PRINT "SUNDAY" 10 INPUT A,S , 2i PRINT A, B : 100 CHAIN "DEF" r- 300 CHAIN "GHI" When the CHAIN command is used, a large program (even a huge program which exceeds the BASIC text area) can be divided and, as shown in the figure above, can be connected. When one program is finished, the data are left as is, and the following programs are chained one after another. The CHAIN command can be considered indispensable if complicated and diversified data must be processed.

Program files on the floppy disk are read-in to the memory, and control is moved to this program, by SWAP command but, when this program is finished, the original program (the program which did the SWAP command) can be reset. This movement is exactly in the same way as the sub-routine in the program, and the reset to the original program becomes a return to the next command, which did the SWAP command. As a result, the SWAP command can be taken as . In order for this operation to be made, the program which has the SWAP command is temporarily shunted to the floppy disk during SWAP execution. Then the program area is made NEW, and another program is read in. After the end of the other program, the original program is read in. The usual form of the SWAP command is: SWAP" FDn : filename" This is a command to SWAP the sub-program designated by the "filename" registered on the floppy disk in drive number n (n = 1 - 4), and the shunting of the program prior to the read-in of the other program is done on the floppy disk in the drive set by the default condition. Therefore, a floppy disk on which it is possible to temporarily write-in the program text must be set in that drive. The SWAP level must not exceed the 1 level. In order to understand the SWAP command, let's take a simple example and follow the movement of the program file. Program now in text area 10 REM COMPOSER 2 0 M 1 $ ~. " A 7 B 6 + C 3 A 7 A 3 " 30 M2$="B+C+D+E 6A3" 4 0 M3 $ = " + F 6 A 3 +E 7 H 50 PR I NT "P L AY T HE CELL 0" 60 SWAP "FD2: PLAYER" 70 PRINT "VERY GOOD" 80 END

10 REM CELLO PLAYER 20 MUSI C M1$, M2$, M3$ 30 PRI NT"OK7" 40 E NO On slave disk in drive number 2 First, "COMPOSER" is within text area and is executed. Text area ~ Dr:ve File Corn oser 2 "PLAYER" "PL:'{'y THE CELLO" The text is first shunted to the disk in FDl taking DIR by the SWAP command of line number 60, and the area is made NEW. r----------,~r-l~lr(C~O-M-P-O~SE~R~)1 NEW I I 2 . "PLAYER" . 1--___ --' Next, BTX "PLAYER" is overlaid and executed. The melody is played. Text "PLAYER" At the end, the shunted COMPOSER is reset and says "VERY GOOD." Reset r-1-!-·C-~-M-PO--SE-R-.. -'r1r--r-I,,-p-LA-Y-E-R-.. ...,: I ~~~~e~OOD .. 1.8 Reserved Words The DISK BASIC text is composed of reserved words, also called key-words, the operand, separator and data. The DISK BASIC the reserved words, which are special words to execute certain determined functions, and commands, statements and functions are appropriate to these words. Because the reserved words are certain words used in order to execute special commands, the programmer cannot use them as names of variables, arrays, etc. Next page shows a listing in alphabetical order of all of the DISK BASIC reserved words. (The numbers to the right of the reserved words indicate the reference page.) When there is a (MZ) notation, refer to the Personal Computer OWNER'S MANUAL or to the DISK BASIC SUMMARY of this manual.

K] GET ............................... MZ AND ................................ 65 GOSUB .......................... MZ ASC ............................... MZ GOTO ............................ MZ ATN ............................... MZ GPRINT ......................... MZ AUTO ............................ MZ !HI HSET ............................ MZ AXIS .............................. MZ rn IF .................................. MZ !HI ByE· ............................... MZ INIT ................................. 60 ~ CHAIN ............................. 44 INP@ .............................. 63 CHR$ ............................. MZ INPUT ............................ MZ CIRCLE ......................... MZ INPUT # .......................... 47 CLOSE # ........................ MZ INPUT # ( ) .................... 51 CLR .............................. MZ INPUTrr ......................... MZ CLS ................................ MZ INT ................................ MZ COLOR .......................... MZ !KI KEY LIST ....................... MZ CONSOLE ...................... MZ KILL # ............................. 54 CONT ............................ MZ [1J LABEL ............................. 57 COS ............................... MZ LEFT$ ............................ MZ CURSOR ........................ MZ LEN .............................. MZ ~ DATA ............................ MZ LET ............................... MZ DEFAULT ........................ 55 LIMIT ........................... MZ DEFFN .......................... MZ LINE .............................. MZ DEFKEY ....................... MZ LIST ......................... ~ ..... MZ DELETE .......................... 39 LIST/P ............................ MZ DIM .............................. MZ LN ................................ MZ DIR ................................. 35 LOAD .............................. 37 ~ END ............................. MZ LOCK .............................. 40 EOF (#) ........................... 56 LOG ............................. MZ ERL .............................. MZ M MERGE ........................... 43 ERN ............................... MZ MID$ ............................. MZ ERROR .......................... MZ MODEGR ...................... MZ EXP ............................... MZ MODE TL ...................... MZ !El FOR ............................... MZ MODETN ...................... MZ MODE TS ....................... MZ

RLINE ........................... MZ MUSIC ........................... MZ RMOVE ......................... MZ 1Nl NEW .............................. MZ RND .............................. MZ NEXT ............................. MZ ROPEN # ......................... 46 NOT ................................. 65 RUN ................................ 36 IQ] ON ................................. MZ [S] SAVE ............................... 38 OR ................................... 65 SEARCH .......................... 59 OUT@ ............................ 64 SET ................................ MZ ~ PAGE ............................ MZ SGN .............................. MZ PAl ................................ MZ SIN ............................... MZ PCOLOR ........................ MZ SIZE .............................. MZ PEEK ............................. MZ SKIP ............................. MZ PHOME ......................... MZ SPC ............................... MZ PLOT OFF ..................... MZ SQR .............................. MZ PLOT ON ....................... MZ STOP ............................. MZ POKE ............................. MZ STR$ .............................. MZ PRINT ........................... MZ SWAP .............................. 45 PRINT # ........................... 49 TAB ............................... MZ PRINT # ( ) .................... 52 TAN ............................... MZ PRINT USING ................ MZ TEMPO .......................... MZ PRINT/P ........................ MZ TEST ............................. MZ PRINTIT ......................... MZ THEN ............................ MZ PRINT [€x, ~] ................... MZ TI$ ................................. MZ !RI RAD .............................. MZ I1JJ UNLOCK .......................... 41 READ ............................ MZ USR ................................ 62 REM .............................. MZ IYI VAL ............................... MZ RENAME ......................... 42 VERIFY ......................... MZ RENUM ......................... MZ ~ WOPEN # ........................ 48 RESET ........................... MZ WAIT ............................... 58 RESTORE ...................... MZ IXI XOPEN # ......................... 50 RESUME ....................... MZ XOR ................................ 65 RETURN ....................... MZ RIGHT$ ......................... MZ

Indicates the DISK BASIC descriptors .' Floppy disk Cassette tape RS232C device name FDl: - FD4: CMT: RS1: - RS2: CHAIN 0 O. x CLOSE # 0 0 0 DEFAULT O· 0 0 DELETFlRENAME 0 x x DIR 0 x x INIT x x 0 INPUT # 0 0 0 KILL # 0 ~ • LOAD/SAVE 0 x LOCKlUNLOCK 0 x x MERGE 0 0 x PRINT # 0 0 0 ROPEN # 0 0 0 RUN 0 0 x SWAP 0 x x WOPEN# 0 0 0 XOPEN # 0 x x OPEN limit - Including RIW. 1 file only OPEN is possible for as many as 10 devices. • Format of rde descriptor Composed of " ", 1.10 Initial Settings The default values of system variables, etc. are set as follows when the DISK BASIC is started by the IPL: • File descriptor Initialization is set for the device which started the DISK BASIC. • Keyboard related 1) Operation mode: normal 2) Lower case character input is at the normal mode shift position. 3) The defineable function key is set as follows by BTX "AUTO RUN."

+CHR$(13) DEF KE Y( 2) =" II ST" DEF KE Y( 3) =" AUTO" DEF KEY(4) ="RENUM" DEF KE Y( 5) =" 01 R" DEF KE Y( 6) ="CHR$( " DEF KE Y( 7) ="DEFKEY(" DEF KE Y( 8) ="CONT" DEF KE Y( 9) =" SAVE DEF KEY( 10) ="lOAD • eRT display related 1) Character display mode: normal (background: black) 2) Character display digit count: 40 characters/line 3) Character display scrolling area: maximum (from line 0 to line 24) • Internal clock Starts at TI$="OOOOOO" initialization • Music functions 1) Tempo default value: (moderate tempo, moderato) 2) Default value: (quarter note, J • Other 1) Array variables: All undefined 2) BASIC text area upper limit: number $FFFF (i.e., LIMIT MAX condition) •

describe is explained in FORMAT. This symbols have the following meanings: < > : Indicates the general description, such as, variables and data. Describes the most generic meaning. Notes: includes . includes and . includes and . [1 : Indicates that tlie part enclosed by [ 1 can be omitted. [ 1 ... : Indicates that the part enclosed by [ 1 ... can be omitted or more than one repetition is possible. {AB} : Choose one, A or B.

Format: DIR [/P] [] Note: Only FDn device name. Abbreviated form: DI. Explanation: • Displays information, i.e., directory contents, relative to files registered in each device. • When the is abbreviated, the device is considered to be designated by DEFAULT statement. • When JP is described, the contents of the directory are output to the printer. • The devices designated by DIR are the same ones that have been explained in the DEFAULT statement. Examples: D I R " F D 1 . " or DIR FD1 ..... Outputs on the screen the directory of the file registered in the floppy disk (drive number 1). DIR/P "FD1:"orDIR/PFD1 ..... Outputs to the printer the directory of the file registered in the floppy disk (drive number 1). Reference: DEFAULT (page 55) I i i, II 11 !I I I' i

Format: RU N " [ :] " [{ ~:~~f ] Note: Only FDn or CMT device name. Abbreviated form: R. Explanation: • When a description of the follows the RUN command, BASIC is initialized (same as NEW command), the BASIC program memorized as a file is read out, and then the program from the heading is executed, continuing to the floppy disk, etc. • For RUN only, the program within the text area is executed. • The specifying file is limited to the BTX or OBJ files. • If option "A" is applied, BSD file is considered as ASCII format and is executed. And if option "R" is applied, read-in is executed putting the memory in the same condition as read-in from OBJ file IPL. This "R" option is necessary when using the 9BJ program of MZ-80K series. Example: RUN "FD1:PROG" ..... Reads out and executes file named "PROG" on floppy disk.

Format: LOAD" [ :] " [<,A>] Note: Only FDn or CMT device name Abbreviatied form: LO. Explanation: • Reads out program from external memory device. • Specifies the file to be read out depending upon the and description. • If the device specified by the DEFAULT statement is designated, the can be omitted. • If option "A" is applied, BSD file is considered as ASCII format and is read in. After read-in, time is required for conversion. • The filename must not be omitted, but from cassette tape a call out is possible even when the file name is omitted. Examples: LOAD "FD1 MZ - 700" ..... The file named "MZ-700" is read out from the floppy disk (drive number 1). LOAD "c MT : MZ - 700 " ..... The file named "MZ-700" is read out from the cassette tape. •

Format: SAVE" [ :] " [<,A>] Note: Only FDn or CMT device name. Abbreviated form: SA. Explanation: • Registers the program as a file on the floppy disk, etc. • If the device designated by the DEFAULT statement is specified, the can be omitted. • If option "A" is applied, the SAVE is as ASCiI format. The file is saved as a BSD file, so take care not to assign a filename which would be confused with the data file made by WOPEN # and PRINT # statements. • The file type created by the SAVE command is a BTX or BSD file. • The cannot be omitted. Example: SAVE "FD1:PROG" ..... Puts the file name "PROG" in the program on the floppy disk (drive number 1) and registers it. The type of registered file becomes BTX.

Format: DELETE" [ :] n Note: Only FDn device name. Abbreviated form: D. Explanation: • When the device name is omitted, processing proceeds relative to device designated by DEFAULT statement. Example: DELETE "FD1: SAMPLE" ..... Deletes "SAMPLE" file of floppy disk (drive number 1).

Format: LOCK " [ : ] " Note: Only FDn device name. Abbreviated form: LOC. Explanation: • If the file is locked, this file is fixed on the floppy disk and it will not accept any change commands. For instance, DELETE and RENAME commands and data write-in are prohibited. Put a lock on any file which you don't want to destroy or change. • The" * " mark is displayed before the file specs in the directory display on locked files. For example: LOCK "SAMPLE" If the command above is executed, the file is. locked and the directory display is as follows: * "SAMPLE" L sign to indicate file locking. • Locking can be cancelled by the UNLOCK statement. Example: LOCK "FD1:SAMPLE" ..... Locks the file named SAMPLE on file set in drive number 1.

Format: UNLOCK" [ :] " Note: Only FDn device name. Explanation • Unlocks the specified locked file. Example: UNLOCK "SAMPLE" ..... releases the lock of file named SAMPLE

Format: - , RENAME • [ < dev i ce Rue>:] • " " , " " Note: Only FDn device name. Abbreviated form: RENA. Explanation: • The file name change specifies the current filename and the new filename, in that order. • The new file name becomes an error if a file of the same name exists in that device. Example: RENAME "F01: OLOPROG", "NEWPROG" ..... The filename "OLDPROG" in the floppy disk file is changed to "NEWPROG".

Format: MERGE [" [ :] < filename > "] [<,A>] Note: Only FDn or CMT device name. Abbreviated form: ME. Explanation: • Reads in the program in the file designated by the , adding it after the progra~ currently in the memory. • If the is omitted, the file of the device designated by the DEFAULT statement will be read in. • If line number of the program within the computer is the same as the line number of the program read in from the file, the program from the file has priority, and the former program will be deleted. • If option "A" is applied, the BSD file is considered as ASCII format and is merged. Examples: Program in the memory "PROG" program on floppy disk 1 0 B =2 1 0 A=1 30 PRI NT B 20 PRI NT A 50 END 40 END ..... when these are merged by MERGE "FDl: PROG", the result is as follows. 1 0 A=1 20 PR I NT A 30 PR I NT B 40 END 50 END

Format: CHAIN" [ :] " Note: Only FDn or CMT device name. Abbreviated form: CH. Explanation: • The execution of the program is moved from the currently active program to a different program in the file. • The CHAIN statement is also considered to be a file opening. • Although the CHAIN statement has a function similar to the execution of the RUN command in a program, the variables, arrays, etc. of the original program are transferred to the new program without change when there is a chain. Example: 1 0 A=l 20 8 =2 30 CHAI N "F D 1 PROG" 40 END ..... The program of the file named "PROG" on the floppy disk in the floppy disk drive (drive number 1) is executed. In this instance, the value of variables A and B don't change; A=1, B=2.

Format: SWAP 11 [ :] 11 Note: Only FDn device name. Abbreviated form: SW. Explanation: • Subroutine calls separate program in file from program being executed. Program in program area is temporarily evacuated to vacant area in floppy disk, and called program is read into text area. The original variable in the text area at this time is transferred to the called program. (See page 27.) • An error occurs if a write-protect seal is put on the default drive floppy disk. Example: 1 0 A=1: B =2 20 30 ,--.40 PR I NT 11 A = "; A, 11 ~!';~cf}·i:.,·. ., SWAP 11 F D 2 : PRO G'" . j .. "" • 11 11 • 11 ./i~~ " " PR I NT A = ,A, B.:=,. 1'~'~ii.~,,~' 50 END 10 A=A*10:B=B*10 20 END (SWAP FD2 PROG) ..... When this program is executed, A = 1 and B = 1 are displayed on CRT screen when line 20 is executed. At line 30, the SWAP command is executed and the program file "PROG" in floppy disk drive 2 is executed. At end, automatically returns to original program, A = 10 and B = 20 are displayed when line 40 is executed, and program execution finishes.

Opens the BSO file for read-out. Format: ROPEN # , "[:] < filename> " Note: Only FDn, CMT, or RSn device name. Abbreviated form: RO.# Explanation: • Opens the file so that filed data can be read out. • The ROPEN # statement has an order for data read-out; it specifies the file to be read out, specifying by and . • When the is omitted, the device designated by the DEFAULT statement is specified. • When" RS J 1 \ :" is specified, input is specified to RS-232C. \21 Examples: 10 ROPEN #1, "FD1:DATA" ..... The floppy disk's (drive number 1) BSD file "DATA" is read out. 1 0 ROPEN # 1 , • ftSl: • I ..... The input by INPUT commane is set to RS-232C. 1 0 ROPEN #2, "DATA" 20 FOR I =1 TO 99 30 I NP UT #2, A 40 PR I NT A 50 NEXT I 60 CLOSE #2 70 END ..... The file made by WOPEN # command is read out and data are displayed. References: INPUT # (page 47) WOPEN # (page 48) CLOSE # (page 53) EOF(#) (page 56)

Reads out data from BSO file. Format: INPUT # ,,, ..... Abbreviated form: 1.# Explanation: 47 • Reads out data in sequence from heading of file opened for read-out by ROPEN # statement and is set to . • may be array element. • The file which reads out the data becomes the file set to by ROPEN # statement. • In the same way as for READ - DATA statements, error is generated if data and data type do not coincide. • The end of the file data can be determined by the EOF function. However, for FD device only. Example: 1 0 ROPEN #2, "DATA" 20 I NP UT #2,A,B,C 30 PRI NT A,B,C 40 CLOSE #2 50 END ..... Reads out numerical data from BSD file opened for read-out by logical number 2, and substitutes to numerical variables A, Band C. References: ROPEN # (page 46) CLOSE # (page 53) EOF (#) (page 56)

Opens the files for write-in. Format: WOPEN # , " [ :] " Note: Only FDn, CMT, or RSn device name. Abbreviated form: WO. # Explanation: • This is a statement to prepare for file write-in; it specifies the file's logical number and name. • If the is omitted, processing occurs relative to the device specified by the DEFAULT statement. • When RS is specified for the device' name, the filename can be omitted. Examples: 1 0 WOP EN #1," F 01 : OAT A" ..... Opens the "DATA" file defined to logical number 1 for write-in. 1 0 WOP EN # 1, "R S 1 : " ..... Output by the PRINT # command is set in RS-232C. 1 0 WOPEN #2, "DATA" 20 FOR I =1 TO 99 30 PRI NT #2, 40 NEXT 50 CLOSE #2 60 END ..... 1 - 99 count is written into the file. References: PRINT # (page 49) ROPEN # (page 46) CLOSE # (page 53) INPUT # (page 47)

Writes data in BSD files. Format: PRINT # , [, ] ... Abbreviated form: R.# Explanation: • Writes data in order into files opened by the WOPEN # statement for write-in. • Files into which data are to be written are to be correctly specified by the logical number when opened. • (Data) are numerical value data or character data. Example: 1 0 WOPEN # 1 , " DATA" 20 PRI NT # 1 , 1 , 2, 3 30 CLOS #1 40 END ..... Numerical data 1, 2 and 3 are written in the file that has been opened to write in logical number 1. References: WOPEN # (page 48) CLOSE # (page 53)

Opens BRD file for read-out and Format: XOPEN # ," [ :] " Note: Only FDn device name. Abbreviated form: X.# Explanation: Opens the random access data file (BRD), and opens (cross opens) theread-out/write- in of the random access data. Newly registers BRD files, prepares for data read-out from, and new data write-in to, the BRD file, and defines the logical number for file access. Examples: 10 XOPEN #1," FD1: DATA" 20 NPUT" pr oduct no. ="; K 30 F K=O THEN 110 40 NPUT "product name=";NS 50 NPUT "unit price=";P 60 INPUT "st ock amount ="S 70 I NPUT "comment ="; CS 80 T = P*S 90 PR I NT # 1 (K * 5 -4) , N$, P, S, T, C $ 100 GOTO 20 1 1 0 CL OS E # 1 120 END ..... Cross opens (read-out, write-in) BRD files. The 5 items of input (product name, unit price, amount in stock, total amount (T = total amount (P * S», and comment are registered in the BRD file "DATA".

Reads out data from BRD file. Format: INPUT # , «data element number», [,, ... ] Abbreviated form: 1.#( ) Explanation: • The data of the position designated by the data element number are read from the file cross-opened by the XOPEN # statement into the designated variable. It makes no difference if the variable is an array variable. • The file which reads out the data becomes the file set to by the XOPEN # statement. • In the same way as for the READ - DATA statements, an error will be generated if the data and the data type do not coincide. • The end of the file data can be detemined by EOF function. • The data element position is from 1 - n. Example: 1 0 XOPEN #2, 11 F D 1 : DATA 11 20 Z =3 30 INPUT #2 ( Z) , 1 0 40 I F E OF ( #2) THEN 80 50 PRI NT S 60 Z =Z +5 70 GOTO 30 80 CLOSE #2 Data ele~::: :::::i::-=: 11121~ 41516171~191101111121~llt~~ ..... When this program is executed, the data at positions CD, @ and @ data positions indicated by Z in the figure are read in and displayed in order. When the data end, the EOF # function becomes truth at line 40, and jumps to line 80. Reference: PRINT # ( ) (page 52)

Writes in data to BRD files. Format: PRINT # , «data element number», [, , ... ] Abbreviated form: P.#( ) Explanation: Writes in contents specified by variable or numerical value to data position specified by data element number from file cross opened by XOPEN # statement. Variable may be array variable. The file which writes in the data becomes the file specified to (logical number) by the XOPEN # statement. The data are numerical data or character data. The possible write-in data length is 32 bytes and the data element position is from 1 - n. Example: 10 XOPEN #4, "FD1:DATA" 20 FOR Z=3 TO 13 STEP 5 30 PRINT #4 (Z),O 40 NEXT Z 50 CLOSE #4 Data ele~:~: ::!:~:= 11121~ 41516171~191101111121~1141 ~~~ ..... When this program is executed, data "0" are written in at the G), @ and

Closes the file. Format: CLOSE [# ] Abbreviated form: CLO.# Explanation: • Closes the data file opened by the logical number; returns this number to the non-define a condition. • CLOSE relative to XOPEN # Closes the BRD file opened for read-outlwrite-in and returns all logical numbers used to the non-defined condition. • CLOSE relative to WOPEN # Registers formally the BSD file opened for write-in; and returns the logical number used to the non-defined condition. • CLOSE relative to ROPEN # Closes the BSD file opened for data read-out; and returns the logical number used to the non-defined condition. • When logical number not specified, closes all currently open files, and returns all logical numbers to non-defined condition. • When do not specify logical number, closes all currently open files; logical numbers are returned to non-defined condition. Examples: 10 CLOSE#1 ..... Closes logical number #1 file. 20 CLOSE ..... Closes all files. References: XOPEN # (page 50) WOPEN # (page 48) ROPEN # (page 46)

Stops file registration. Format: KILL [# ] Abbreviated form: KI.# Explanation: • Stops registration of the file opened to . In other words, the file making is prepared by the XOPEN # or WOPEN # statement, or stops, during registration, the formal registration of the file thereafter executing the PRINT # ( ) or PRINT #. • If the is not designated, the formal registration of the file currently being made is stopped and, in addition;all files already opened are closed and all are returned to the non-defined condition. • Because the KILL command can be used as a direct execution command, this command can be executed directly prior to exchange of the cassette tape, floppy disk. In order to thereby protect the contents of all files by closing them. Examples: 200 KI LL #3 ..... Kills the file opened by the logical number 3. 300 KI LL ..... Kills all files opened. Reference: XOPEN # (page 50) WOPEN # (page 48)

Format: DEFAULT" : " Note: Only FDn, CMT, or RSn device name. Abbreviated form: OEF. Explanation: • Defines available device name if is omitted by command statement. • The device name reading DISK BASIC is defined in FDl. • Device names are as follows. F On : C MT : R S{; \: Examples: floppy disk (n = 1 - 4) cassette tape RS-232C interface (n = 1 - 2) DEFAULT "CMT:" ..... Considered to be cassette tape if is omitted in each command. DE F AUL T "F 02: " ..... Considered to be floppy disk (drive 2) if (device name) is omitted in each command.

Function to locate end of data file data. Format: EOF (#

Format: LABEL" " : character line to 249 characters Abbreviated form: LA. Explanation: • It is possible to set a label which expresses the branch destination of the GOTO statement, GOSUB, etc. In this way, the program can be made easier to see and easier to understand. Example: 1 0 PRI NT "SAMPLE" 20 GOSUB "ABC" 30 PRI NT "END" 40 END 100 LABEL "ABC" 1 1 0 PRI NT "LABEL SAMPLE" 120 RE'TURN ..... The line number 20 GOSUB statement branch destination is set to the "ABC" label on line number 100. As a result, the subroutine after the line number 100 is called out by the GOSUB statement.

Format: WAIT Abbreviated form: W. Explanation: • Interrupts the program execution for the time period specified by (numerical data). The unit is 111000 second. Example: 1 0 WAI T 100 ..... Interrupts the program execution for 0.1 (100/1000) second.

Format: SEARCH [IP) Abbreviated form: SE. Explanation: • Searches for and finds the character data specified in the through the program text and displays it on the screen. • When the space key is pressed during execution, the display stops temporarily; when the key is pressed once again, the execution is started again. • The execution is stopped by ISHIFTI + IBREAKI . • Uflfler ease aRa lewsr esse llilulilfs eaRRet be disclimindled withIn . • When IP is specified, data are printed by the printer, not displayed on the screen. Example: SEARCH "ABC" ..... Searches for and finds, in the program text, the line including the character data "ABC", and displays it on the screen. SEARCH "PRI NT"+CHR$( 34) +"A"+CHR$( 34) ..... Searches for and finds the line including the character data PRINT" A".

Format: INIT"RS{~ } , (,] " Explanation: • Sets the mode of RS-232C 7 6 5 lID 5 4 3 2 o DCD reception monitoring DCD transmission monitoring CTS transmission monitoring Not used. Usually O. RTS OFF transmission enable. All character transmission out monitoring. 1..-___ p. 01 - odd parity 1 00 - non parity anty 10 - non parity 11 - even parity . 01 - 1 stop bit 1 00 - not used L _______ Stop bIt 10 _ 1 + 112 stop bit Not used. Usually 0 '-- Transmission/reception character length { 0 -,~ bitslCHR 1 ~'bitslCHR Values from 0 - 255 ($00 - $FF) 11 - 2 stop bits

following connections: Signal name Pin number Pin number Signal name TXD 2 ~-- 2 TXD RXD 3 -- -- 3 RXD RTS 4 ~ 4 RTS ers 5 5 crs DTR 6 7~ 6 DTR DCD 7 7 DCD Ground 1,8 1,8 Ground • Both are used in the terminal mode. (Refer to RS-232C user's manual.) • The following are programs to transmit/receive numbers from 0 to 9, the contents of A$, when exchanging information between two MZ-700s. 1 0 I NI T "RS1 :$00,$8C" 1 0 I NI T "RS1:$00, $8C" 20 ROPEN #1 , " R S 1 : DATA" 20 A$ "0123456789" 30 INPUT #1 , A$ 30 \l\K)PEN #1 , "RS 1 : " 40 PRI NT A$ 40 PRI NT #1, A$ 50 CLOSE #1 50 CLOSE #2 60 END 60 END .. \

Format: USR «address> , ,

: numerical data or 4-digit hexadecimal number Abbreviated form: U. Explanation: • Calls out and executes the machine language program during BASIC program execution. This is the same as the branch command and CALL

to the machine language subroutine. Consequently, when there is a return command in a machine language program, control moves to the next statement following the executed statement. • At the point in time when the machine language program is called out, the value following the is set in the register. DE register: heading address of memory area of B register: length of IX register: address if error-processing routine is announced • At the point in time of return from the machine language program, the value of the data indicated by the subsequent register becomes the

. DE register: heading address of memory area of

B register: length of

• If error-processing is necessary in a machine language program, the following process occurs. (1) An error-processing routine is established by the ON ERROR GOTO statement in the BASIC program. (2) An error code is substituted in the A register, and is jumped to the address indicated by the IX register.

Format: INP@ , Abbreviated form: I.@ Explanation: • Inputs 8-bit data from input port and sets to the value (0 - 255) converted to a decimal number . • From 0 to 127 ($00 - $7F in hexadecimal), the can be determined freely. From 128 to 255 ($FO - $80 in hexadecimal), the use is exclusively as ports for external devices. Example: 1 0 FOR I =0 TO 20 20 C =1 +32 30 GOSUB "SUB" 40 NEXT 50 END 60 LABEL "SUB" 70 I NP@ $FE, A 80 I F NOT (A AND $OD) =0 THEN 70 90 OUT@ $FF,C 100 OUT@ $FE, $80 1 1 0 I NP@ $FE, A 120 I F NOT (A AND $ 0 D) =1 THE N 1 1 0 130 OUT@ FE, 0 140 RETURN Reference: OUT@ (page 64)

Format: OUT @ , Abbreviated form: OU.@ Explanation: • Converts values (0 - 255) to binary numbers and outputs to the output port. • From 0 to 127 ($00 - $7F in hexadecimal), the can be determined freely. From 128 to 255 ($FO - $80 in hexadecimal), tne use is exclusively as ports for external devices. • For control of peripheral devices, etc., data are output to 110 ports. Thus, if there is a mistake of the , etc. by this OUT@ command, there is the possibility that such a mistake will cause abnormal operation of the peripheral equipment, etc., so care must be taken in that regard. Example: 1 0 FOR 1 =0 TO 20 20 C =1 +32 30 GOSUB "SUB" 40 NEXT 1 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 1 0 120 1 30 140 END LABEL "SUB" 1 NP@ $FE, A 1 F NOT (A AND $ 0 D) =0 OUT@ $FF,C OUT@ $FE, $80 1 NP@ $FE, A 1 F NOT (A AND $ 0 D) =1 OUT@ $ F,E, 0 RE T UR N Reference: INP@ (page 63) THE N 70 THEN 110

Logical operation The task of giving YES or ON results, by judgment, are not few in computers. Here let us consider some logical expressions used to judge some conditions. The logical operators NOT, AND, OR and XOR are used in logical expressions. CD X AND Y (logical product = and) AND means X moreover Y XY X and Y 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ® NOT X (negation = not) Means that it is not X NOT X o ® X OR Y (logical addition = inclusive or) OR means either X or Y XY XORY 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 @ X XOR Y (Exclusive logical addition = exclusive or) Means X and Y are not equal XY XXORY 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 The logical operation is usually used in IF - THEN - ELSE command, explained before. For instance, it is used as follows: • IF -3020 THEN 120 ELSE 100 (The meaning above is: if the X value is -3029 go to line number 120, if not jump to line 100) • IF -3020 THEN 10 ELSE 100 (The meaning above is: if the X value is -3020 to to line number 120, if not jump to line 100).

has a monitor section following the IOCS section. As the stack work area, $FFOO - $FFFF (hexadecimal) are used. This monitor, in the same way as the BASIC, has a built-in screen editor, and, by using the editing format described below, any address of the main memory 64K bytes can be rewritten. 3.1 EDITING FORMAT : Address = dataL-JdataL-Jdata : (Colon) ..... a symbol which indicates an editable line Address ..... designated by a four digit hexadecimal; main memory address, including heading data (0000 - FFFF) = (equal mark) ..... a separator used to distinguish address and data Data ..... designated by two digit hexadecimal or semi-colon + character; 8-bit data or specified character ASCII code is written into specified memory address; as a rule, a space is used for data intervals. 3.2 PRINTER SWITCH (P Command) Directs D and F commands to printer or screen. When in monitor, becomes screen mode. The mode reverses each time this command is executed. If a printer is not connected, ERR? appears and a command is awaited, so check the printer or execute the P command to return to the screen mode.

* D J> Displays the memory contents. When the final address is omitted, 128 bytes from the heading address are displayed. When the heading address is omitted, 128 bytes from the subsequent address are displayed. Dumping is by the following format. : HHHH=HH'-JHH'-JHH HH HH HH HH HH I ABCDE. G. t ~--------------~v---------------~ ~ Heading address 8-byte hexadecimal data 8-byte character data If the memory content is changed, move the cursor to the data to be changed, make the correction, and then input ICRI. Note: The final 8-byte characters are displayed by data ASCII code, and the control code is indicated by a " ... (period). The display is stopped only by the IBREAKI key by I SHIFT I + IBREAKI there is a return to a~aiting a command. 3.4 MEMORY SET CM Command} * IM [heading addressJ Rewrites the memory content. When the heading address is omitted, rewrite is from the current pointer. To get out of this mode, press ISHIFTI + IBREAKI. Because the address and data are displayed and the cursor superimposes over the data, designate the data by the editing format and press ICRI. The designated data and address will be added and continue to the next line.

* F L.JL.JL.J[] Searches from the heading address to the final address for continuous data of the number specified by the data, and, if found, outputs that address and data at the dump mode. Stopped by ISHIFrI + IBREAKI. 3.6 GOSUB (G Command) * G Sub-routine calls the designated call address. Stack pointer is at FFFE (hexadecimal). 3.7 TRANSFER (T Command) * T L.J~transfer heading address> Transfers data between designated addresses from the transfer heading address. 3.8 SAVE (S Command) *5 L.JL.J: [ : filename] Records data between designated addresses to the designated device name. The "execution heading address" is the execution heading address when loaded from IPL. Specify the file name in the same way as for DISK BASIC (after a colon" : ").

* L [ : fllaname) Loads the designated file from the designated device name. When the heading address is specified, loading is from that address; if not specified, loading of information is done exactly as it was saved. If filename is not specified, the first file found is loaded. When there is BREAK or if check sum error appears, ERR? is displayed, and returns to awaiting command; if no error appears, returns to awaiting command. 3.10 VERIFY (V Command) * V Reads designated file from cassette and compares with main memory. Used to check whether correctly saved; if not correct, ERR? is displayed. 3.11 RETURN (R Command) Returns monitor to called system. If from BYE command of DISK BASIC, returns to DISK BASIC by this command. SP (stack pointer) and HL register are stored, so next command after BYE is executed. If SP is called from a system such as $FFOO - $FFFF, or if there is no return address in the stack, return is not possible by this command; call that system's hot start by the G command.

• The file converter is registered on the DISK BASIC floppy disk by the "TRANS" file name. To execute this, press the following keys (RUN: refer to page 36) RUN "TRANS" ICRI The specification items which appear on the initial screen are specified in order from the top. Choose the right item number from the menu area specification contents and make the key input. The specification item and the initial screen become as follows. Specification items Specification contents (menu display area) F i le Convert Ut i lit Y VX. XX [Source) '., Syst em : De v ice : Fi I e Mode : . F i le Na me : [ De s t i net i on) Syst em : MZ- 700 BASI C De v ice : Fi le Mo de : Fi le Na me : *System Me n u 1 . MZ - 7 0 0 .a.Mi I-e' BCHic 2. MZ- 80 K ~ Ba...s; c 3. MZ- 80 K ~C "",. f" «. C 4. MZ- 80 K F DOS

* System menu • Specify the source system (the destination system is fixed in the MZ-7(0). The source program specification inputs: Which MZ series machine was the program made for? For instance, if the program file converter is for the MZ-SOK, and moreover if it is made by double precision the DISK BASIC (W-PREC), key input "3". • Moreover, the objects are the following systems MZ-700 Basic \ CASSETE TAPE BASIC DISK BASIC MZ-SOKBasic {= ~p.60\s MZ-SOK { FDOS MZ-80K FODS S~~foI Pft8@JftAm Display contents Menu display area *fSyst em Menu) 1 . MZ - 7 0 0 B a sic 2. MZ - 8 0 K Ba sic 3. MZ - 80 K W- Pr e c 4. MZ- 80K FDOS

• Specifies the device name (source device, destination device) to perform conversion. Display contents * File mode Menu display area {Devi ce menu] 1 . F D 1 : 2. F D2: 3. F D3! 4. F D4: 5. CMT ~ • Displays the file mode conversion possibilities specified in the system menu and device. However, the destination file mode is made automatically possible file mode from the specification of source file mode. Display contents Menu display area {F i I e MOde] 1. OBJ · ... ,t·, 2. BTX 3. BSD 4. BRD .~' : r * File name • Inputs the file name of file to be conterted (maximum 16 characters). To display the disk directory from this condition, key input ICTRLI + ~.

* F i I e n a me J i n put ? Co~~rol -A ==> £:):r.cz.c..~or1 Display mode Example of display when I CTRL I + IIii is key input and device ''1'' (FD) is specified. refe, ~o pc;..'11L J '-i File Convert Ut lity 01 RECTORY OF FD: OBJ "DATAl" f Funct i on and, 1 Any key. "t Next ~age" ..I. Anv, .k.;8)1' Error •• ssale COlYert alain, [Y/N] ? * Related to the message Funct i on and, 1 Any key. Returns to the file name input waiting condition when key input (any key) is performed. Ne x t p age, 1 An y key. . ......... Display when one screen is not enough to display the directory. The display of the Err 0 r -, 1 All Y f"\ Q..>). ~ Q.. eO,..\I cz.r~ . .. ~ .... " V/N. "v· 2 ~ remaining directory is performed when once again a key is input. IH" Indicate;;hat ,beca~se of so~~ error ,directory display is not ~ possible ~n I When key i npu t I S made once a,ain ,a.aitin, source syste. input ;.hen -H- key i.put ,DISK •. BASIC is started. --------------- ~,.,. '.'.:

following display is added. Display: 1~1"""t source, 1. Any key a:!Il or ~Q • .\' [ I<.~t dest i nat ion, 1. An y key a:!Il J Explanation: The above display occurs if the input of the destination file has ended. First, there will be a display meaning "insert the source disk", and then, after the source disk is inserted into the disk drive, press a key (any key). When the key input occurs, the content of the source disk file is read into the memory of the MZ-700. When this read-in is finished, there will be a display meaning "insert the destination disk". Take out the source disk and insert the destination disk into the floppy disk drive in its place. After insertion is completed, press a key (any key). When the key input occurs, the data in the memory of the MZ-700 will be written into the destination disk. Display when conversion finishes :1:". • Thf following display will be shown after the conversion finishes. i/ ,..-,---- ;: : I **E.d of o b * * j.. '~., .. ~ . B're a , , .. Convert ".in [Y/N] 'iJ: ,:--- Explanation: The "END OF JOB" message means that the conversion has finished. "BREAK" means that there was an interruption I SHIFT I + IBREAKI during the job. "ERROR xx" means that there was an error during the job.

conversion be made again? or will conversion be ended?". If conversion will be made again, input "Y", if the end, input "N". When "Y" is input, there will be a return to the initial screen used for convert execution, and, when "N" is input, there will be a return to the monitor condition. . .... , •• 4

Functions and Operations 5.1.1 Commands DIR DIRIP LOAD DIR DIR FD1 DIR Displays floppy disk directory. Information indicated at directory display is as follows: Registered filemode, registration condition (locked or not) and filename Note: For the directory display on the CRT screen, there is a stop when one screen amount is displayed, and the cursor appears. To continue the directory display the ~ key can be pushed, or it is possible to move to another command. Displays the directory of the floppy disk in floppy disk drive number 1. When the DIR command is executed, the system memorizes that drive number, and thereafter the drive number can be omitted to designate direct execution commands and file access commands for that same floppy disk drive. Displays the directory of the floppy disk in the floppy disk drive that was executed by the most recent DIR com- mand. DIR/P" FD1" Prints floppy directory on line printer. LOAD" FD1 : DAY" Reads out BASIC texqaofX) with "DAY" fife name in floppy disk. LOAD "FD2:SUN". Consider BSD file "SUN" file name in floppy disk drive A number 2 as ASCII format and read it out. LIMIT $DOOO: LOAD For read-out of machine language program file (OBJ) "B" linked to a BASIC text, it is necessary to separate the machine language area and the BASIC area by the LIMIT command. Refer to the command used for linking with the machine language program.

Names the BASIC text currently in the text area "DAY" and writes in to floppy disk. One file with filename "DAY" and file mode BTX is registered. SAVE "CMT:E" RUN RUN 1000 RUN "FD1:F" RUN "FD3:G" MERGE Names the BASIC text currently in the text area "E" and writes in to the cassette tape. Executes the program from the heading of the BASIC text currently in the text area. Note: At the RUN command, all variables become 0 or null immediately prior to program execution. Executes program from statement number 1000. Reads out BASIC program file "F" from floppy disk, and executes program from the program heading. Reads out program text "G" from volume number 7 of the floppy disk in drive number 3, and then executes program from the designated execution address. In this instance, the system is not controlled by BASIC. Adds the program in the file to the program. MERGE "FDl :PR Merges program currently in the memory and "PROG" OG 11 file in the floppy disk. VERIFY"H" AUTO AUTO 200.20 LIST LlST-50D LlST/P Compares program text currently in BASIC text area and content of cassette tape file specified by file name "H". Automatically generates line numbers 10, 20, 30 '" during text making. Automatically generates 200, 220, 240 ... in steps of 20, from statement number 200. AUTO command is released by pressing I SHIFT I + hREAKI keys. Displays all lists of BASIC text currently in text area. Displays list up to statement number 500. Display list goes to printer. (TEXT MODE)

NEW CONT BYE KEY LIST Changes statement number of the program. Renumbers all statements beginning with first statement number 100, and in steps of 10. Searches for and finds lines including "ABC" character data in program text, and displays on screen. Erases BASIC text currently in text area and clears variable area. Machine language area specified by LIMIT command is not cleared. Continues program execution. In other words, restarts execution from point of interruption by I SHIFf I + I BREAK I keys or STOP statement during program. CONT com- mand becomes invalid when, during a program break, the BASIC text is edited. Moves system control from DISK BASIC to monitor. (The return from monitor to DISK BASIC can be made by monitor <;ommand "R".) , Lists, on the CRT display, the definition condition of the definable function keys. 5.1.2 File Control Statements LOCK UNLOCK LOCK n FD2:ABC n Locks file "ABC".in floppy disk drive number 2. UNLOCK n ABC" Locked files cannot be changed or deleted. In the directory display, locked files are denoted by the * symbol. Unlocks "ABC" file in active drive. 100 UNLOCK "FD1: Executes the program unlocking of "A" file in floppy disk A" drive number 1.

1 to filename "B". DELETE HA" Deletes file "A" from disk in default drive. CHAIN "FD1 :TEXT Chains program execution to BASIC text "TEXT B" in BH floppy disk. In other words, "TEXT B" is read out to BASIC text area, and program execution contin'ues from that heading. The original program in the text area at this time is made NEW, and the content of the variable and user function is transferred to the chained text. It can be understood that the function of the CHAIN statement is as a GOTO "filename". SWAP" FD2:TEXT Swaps program execution to BASIC text "TEXT S-R" in S-R " floppy disk drive number 2. In other words, the text in execution is once shunted to the floppy disk in the default drive, then "TEXT S-R" is read out to the BASIC text area, and program execution continues from that heading. When the swapped program is finished, the original text is then read out, and the program execution continues from the next statement after the SWAP statement. When each program execution is linked, the content of the variable and user function is transferred. The SWAP level must not exceed 1. In other words, SWAP instructions cannot be made within a swapped text. In can be understood that the function of the SWAP statement is as the GOSUB "filename".

Note: For file descriptors FD and CMT WOPEN # WOPEN #3 "FD2:S Opens the file for write-in so that one BASIC sequential PRINT # CLOSE # KILL # ROPEN # INPUT # EO DATA 1" access file (BSD) can be made. In other words, it defines the filename of the BSD being made as "SEQ DATAl", and opens, as logical number 3, a file in floppy disk drive number 2. PRINT #3. A. AS Writes in, in order, the content of variable A and string variable AS on BSD; a file opened in logical number 3 by the WOPEN # statement. File close is executed by the CLOSE # statement, and BSD is formally registered as one BSD. CLOSE #3 Closes the BSD, the file opened in logical number 3 by (Corresponding to the WOPEN # statement. WOPEN#) KILL #3 By closing the file, one BSD with the file name specified by the WOPEN # statement is made on the specified floppy disk, and the logical number (3 in this instance) becomes undefined once more. Kills the BSD, the file opened in logical number 3 by the WOPEN # statement. In other words, it cancels or erases the BSD, and the logical number (3 in this instance) becomes undefined once more. ROPEN #4. n FD2: SE Opens the file for read-out of the data in the BASIC o DATA2· sequential access data file (BSD). In other words, it opens, as logical number 4, the BSD file "SEQ DATA2" in volume number 7 of the floppy disk in floppy disk drive number 2. INPUT #4. A(1). BS Reads out sequential data from the BSD, a file opened in logical number 4 by the ROPEN # statement, and substitutes numerical data in array variable A( 1) and string in string variable B$. Read-in data are sequentia,lIy accessed from the BSD heading data.

(Corresponding to the ROPEN # statement. ROPEN #) Logical number 4 becomes undefined once more. 5.1.4 BRD (BASIC Random Access, Data File) Control Statements Note: For file descriptor FD only. XOPEN # XOPEN #5 "FD3:D Opens (cross opens) for data write-inlread-out to the PRINT #( ) INPUT #( ) CLOSE # ATA R1 n BASIC random access file (BRD). In other words, cross opens BRD file "DATA RI" on the floppy disk in drive number 3 to logical number 5, or, if the file does not yet exist, cross opens so that the BRD file "DATA RI" can be newly made on that floppy disk. PRINT #5(11). R(11) Writes in the content of a one-dimensional numerical array variable R(l1) to element 11 of the BRD file opened in logical number 5 by the XOPEN # statement. PRINT #5(20). AR$. Writes in string variables AR$ and AS$ to, respectively, AS$ elements 20 and 21 of the same BRD as above. Because all elements in the BRD are a fixed length of 32 bytes, any part of the string length which exceeds 32 bytes will be invalid. INPUT #5(21). R$ Reads out (substitutes), to string variable R$, the data in element 21 of the BRD file opened to logical number 5 by the XOPEN # statement. INPUT #5(11). A(11). Reads out the data in elements 11 and 12 of the BRD, as A$(12) described above, to the one-dimensional numerical array variable A(11) and one-dimensional string array variable A$(12) respectively. CLOSE #5 CLOSE Closes the BRD file opened to logical number 5 by the XOPEN # statement. Closes all files opened by WOPEN, ROPEN or XOPEN.

# statement. Kills all files opened by WOPEN, ROPEN or XOPEN. IF EOF (#5) THEN If the file end occurs during execution of the INPUT # 700 statement relative to BSD, or during execution of the INPUT # ( ) statement relative to BRD, this is a branch statement that commands to jump to the processing routine in statement number 700. 5.1.5 Error Processing Statements ON ERROR GO ON ERROR GOTO If an error occurs during program execution, this is a TO 1000 sentence saying to jump to statement number 1000. IF ERN IF ERN = 44 THEN If the error number is 44, this is a command to jump to 1050 statement number 1050. IF ERL IF ERL = 350 THEN A command to jump to statement number 1090 if the RESUME 1090 error statement number is 350. IF (ERN = 53) * (ER A command to finish the program if the error number is L = 700) THEN END 53 and the error statement number is 700. 650 RESUME For the DISK BASIC, if an error occurs during the program, the error number and error statement number will be set, respectively, to variables ERN and ERL. Transfers control once again to the command generating the error. 700 RESUME Transfers control to the command following the command ~ NEXT generating the error. 750 RESUME 400 Transfers control to statement number 400. 800 RESUME 0 Transfers control to the program heading.

LET LET A=X+3 Substitutes sum results of numerical variable X and numerical data 3 to numerical variable A. LET can be omitted. 5.1.7 Input/Output and Color Control Statements COLOR PRINT 10 CaLOR .•. 2 20 CaLOR 3.2.7 Changes all screen background color to red. Changes the color of characters at coordinates (3,2) to white. 30 CaLOR 4.204.2 Makes the color of characters at coordinates (4,2) green, 10 PRINT A ?A$ 100 PRINT [6.5] " AB C" 110 PRINT [A] "DE F" 120 PRINT [704] "G HI" 200 PRINT and the background color red. Displays the content of numerical variable A on the CRT display. Displays the content of string variable A$ on the CRT display. Writes the "ABC" string in yellow on a light blue background. Writes the "DEF" string in yellow on a green back- ground. Writes the "OHI" string in white on a green background. New line if PRINT only. PRINT USING PRINT USING" ## A designation which lines up decimal point positions by a INl'UT #.##";A 10 INPUT A 20 INPUT A$ fixed decimal point display. Inputs values relative to variable A from the keyboard. Inputs strings relative to string variable A$ from the keyboard. 30 INPUT "VALUE?" Before input from the keyboard, the question string data ;D VALUE? is displayed. The semi-colon is used to separate the string from the variable.

YS by using the comma ( , ) to separate them, but it is necessary to match the type of variable at the time of input. SET 30,15 RESET 30,15 10 GET N 20 GET KS Illuminates the position of coordinates (30,15). Er!Ules the position of coordinates (30,15). Inputs one numerical character from the keyboard relative to numerical variable N. If the key is not pressed at that time, 0 is input. Inputs one string from the keyboard relative to string variable KS. If the key is not pressed at that time, AS becomes vacant. READ - DATA 10 READ A,B,C 1010 DATA 25, -0.5,500 Numerical data 25, -0.5 and 500 are substituted to, respectively, numerical variables A, B and C by execution of the READ-DATA statements at the left. RESTORE 10 READ HS, H, SS, The first data of the DATA statement, i.e., string data S "HEART", is substituted for the first variable of the 30 DATA "HEART", 3READ statement, i.e., for the string variable HS. Next, 35 DATA" SPADE ", numerical data 3 is substituted for the second variable H, 1 1 and read-in continues one after the other. 10 READ A,B,C In the example at the left, 3, 6 and 9 are respectively 20 RESTORE substituted for variables A, Band C by the READ 30 READ D,E statement in statement number 10, but, because the 100 DATA 3,6,9, RESTORE statement occurs next, the values next substi- 12, 15 tuted for variables D and E by statement number 30's READ are, respectively, 3 and 6, not 12 and 15. 700 RESTORE 200 Moves the data read-out pointer in the READ-DATA statement to the heading of the DATA statement in statement number 200.

FOR- TO NEXT 10 FOR A == 1 TO The statement number 10 is a command to change 10 variable A and substitute for values from 1 to 10; the 20 PRINT A 30 NEXT A value of the first A becomes 1. Because the value of A is displayed on the eRT screen by statement number 20, the numeral 1 is displayed. Next, the value of A becomes 2 by statement number 30, and this loop is repeated. The loop is repeated in this way until the value of A becomes 10. (At the point when the loop ends, the value 11 is entered to A.) 10 FOR B == 2 TO A command to change variable B and substitute for values 8 STEP 3 from 2 to 8 in steps of 3 (statement number 10). It is also 20 PRINT B ~ble to make the STEP value negative and make the 30 NEXT variable smaller each time. An example of an overlay of the FOR - NEXT loops 10 FOR A=1 TO 3 (variables A and B). Note that B loop is placed inside A 20 FOR 8 S 1. 0 TO 30J '"I> loop. Nesting of loops (doubling tripling ... ) is possible 30 PRINT A, 8 ff ' , 40 NEXT 8 but the inner loop must be enclosed within the outer loop. 50 NEXT A 60 NEXT B, A FOR - NEXT nesting must not e~ed 15 levels. 70 NEXT A, B t It is possible, by the previous double loop, to group Becomes error. statement numbers 40 and 50, as in statement number 60 at the left, into one NEXT statement. For an operand such as shown in statement number 70, however, an error occurs.

GOTO GOSUB - RETURN IF - THEN IF - GOTO IF - GOSUB ON- GOTO ON- GOSUB 100 GOTO 200 100 GOSUB 700 800 RETURN Jumps to statement number 200 (= movement of program execution). Branches to statement number 700 subroutine (calling of subroutine). Ends subroutine execution by RETURN statement, and returns to statement following GOSUB command in the main program. 10 IF A>20 THEN Jumps to statement number 200 if variable A is larger 200 than 20. Executes next statement if A is 20 or less. 50 IF B<3 THEN B Substitutes B + 3 for variable B if variable B is less than =B+3 100 IF A>=B GO TO 10 3. Executes next statement if B is 3 or greater. Jumps to statement number 10 if variable A is equal to or greater than variable B. Executes next statement if A is less than B. 30 IF A=B * 2 GO Branches to statement number 90 subroutine if value of SUB 90 variable A is equal to twice the value of B. If not, executes next statement. (If there is a multi-statement following a conditional statement, the ON statement is executed when the condition is not reached, but the IF statement moves the execution to the next statement number if the condition is not reached, and the multi-statement is ignored.) 50 ON A GOTO 70, Jumps to statement number 70 if variable A is 1, to 80. 90 statement number 80 if it is 2, and to statement number 90 if it is 3. The next statement is executed if A is 0 or 4 or more. The INT function is included in ON, so jumps to statement number 80 if A is 2.7, in the same way as 2. 90 ON A GOSUB 700. 800 Branches to statement number 700 subroutine if variable A is 1, and to statement number 800 if it is 2. The next statement is executed if A is 0 or 3 or more.

DIM DEFAULT DEFFN 10 DIM A(20) 20 DIM B(79,79) 30 DIM C1$(10) 40 DIM K$(7,5) DEFAULT" FD1 " For one-dimensional numerical array variable A( ), 21 array variables become available, from A(O) to A(20). For two-dimensional numerical array variable 8( ),6400 array variables become available, from 8(0, 0) to 8(79, 79). For one-dimensional string array variable C1$( ), 11 array variables become available, from C1$(0) to C1$(10). For two-dimensional string array variable K$( ), 48 array variables become available, from K$(O, 0) to K$(7, 5). Considered to be floppy disk drive number 1 if device names are omitted by commands. 100 DEF FNA(X) = Statement number 100 defines X2 -x to FNA(X), x t 2 - X statement number 110 defines 10gJOX + 1 to FN8(X), and 110 DEF FNB(X) = statement number 120 defines 108e Y to FNZ(Y). LOG(X) + 1 120 DEF FNZ(Y) = LN(Y) Each function is limited to 1 variable.

1ST" -+- CHRS(13) the function LIST IQY to 25 DEF KEY(2) =" L function key number 1, and statement number 25 defines OAD:RUN" + the function LOAD:RUN IQY. CHRS (13) INIT" RS1:" 210 LABEL "SUB" 220 Sets the RS-232C mode. Defines subroutine name beginning from statement num- ber 210 as "SUB". 5.1.11 Comment Statements and Control Statements REM 200 REM JOB-1 REM is a comment statement; ignored when program is executed. STOP END CLR CLS CURSOR 850 STOP 2000 END 300 CLR Stops program execution and awaits command. If CONT command given here, program continues. Indicates end of program. Executes program end. All numerical variables and character variables become 0 or vacant (null); all array variables return to undeter- mined condition. All DEF FN statements also become invalid. 10 CLS Erases the secreen in the scroll range. 50 CURSOR 25. 15 Specifies the position by numerals or variables: from 0 - 60 PRINT" ABC" 39 from the left end in the X axis direction, and 0 - 24 from the top end in the Y axis direction. For the example at the left, string "ABC" is displayed from the 26th cursor position from the left end of the screen and the 16th cursor position from the top end.

0, 40 95 20 CONSOLE 5, 15 Specifies the scroll range from the 5th line to the lOth line. 30 CONSOLE 0, 25, Specifies the scroll range from the 5th line to the 30th 5,30 line. 40 CONSOLE 0, 10, Specifies the scroll range to a 10x 10 range. 0, 10 50 CONSOLE 2, 20, Specifies the scroll range to the scroll range shown in the 2, 35 figure below. (0,0) 7 (39,0) 2 --'lfT-r-J"7-ri~ (39,24) ? SIZE Displays the unused size (in bytes) of the BASIC text area. 100 TI$ = "222030" Sets the internal clock to 10:20:30 PM. Time data are expressed as a 6-digit figure within quotation marks. 5.1.12 Music Control Statements MUSIC TEMPO 300 TEMPO 7 Tempo 7 (fastest speed) is specified by statement number 310 MUSIC" DE# 300. By statement number 310, re mi iJ:I~1 la (mid- FGA" range) are played at tempo 7. U there is no TEMPO statement, the music is played at the tempo of the default value. 300 M1$ = "C3EG In this example, the melody is substituted to the 3 string + C" variables and the MUSIC command is executed. When 310 M2$ = "BGD the staff notation is used, the notes below are played. - G" Note that, because there is no TEMPO statement, the 320 M3$ = "C8R5" playing is at the default value tempo. 330 MUSIC M1$,M 2$,M3$

INP@ INP@ $E8,A Substitutes data at port number $E8 for variable A. OUT@ OUT@ $E8,A Outputs variable A to port number $E8. LIMIT POKE PEEK USR 100 LIMIT 49151 100 LIMIT A Limits the area used by the BASIC program to the 49151 address (BFFF with hexadecimal notation). Limits the area used by the BASIC program to the address of variable A. 100 LIMIT $BFFF Limits the area used by the BASIC program to the 300 LI M IT MAX address BFFF in hexadecimal notation. A hexadecimal notation is indicated by an "$" mark before the notation. Returns the area used by the BASIC program to the maximum memory. 120 POKE 49450, 175 Sets data 175 (decimal notation) to the decimal notation address 49450. 130 POKE AD, DA Sets the value (0 - 255) indicated by variable DA to the address specified by variable AD. 150 A = PEEK (494 Changes the data at decimal notation address 49450 to a 50) decimal number, and substitutes for variable A. 160 B = PEEK(C) Changes data entered at the decimal notation address specified by variable C to a decimal notation, and substitutes for variable B. 500 USR(49152) 550 USR (AD) 570 USR($COOO) Moves program control to decimal address 49152. This control movement has the same function as the machine language CALL command. As a result, when the RET command (201 at decimal notation) is in the machine language program, returns to the BASIC program. Calls the decimal address specified by variable AD. Calls the hexadecimal address COOO.

AXIS CIRCLE GPRINT HSET LINE MODE MOVE Valid in GRAPH mode. 30 AXIS O. -10. 48 Adds a scale of 48 graduations in increments of 10 to the Y-coordinate axis from the current pen position. 50 AXIS 1. 10. 48 Adds a scale of 48 graduations in increments of 10 to the X-coordinate axis from the current pen position. Valid in GRAPH mode 50 CIRCLE O. O. 240. Draws a circle (radius 240) from coordinates (0,0). 0.360. O. 2 Valid in GRAPH mode. 30 GPRINT (2.2). " A • Prints the character A upside down at the size of the 26 digit mode of the TEXT mode. Specifies the current pen position' to a new starting point. (Valid in GRAPH mode.) Valid in GRAPH mode. 10 LlNE% 1.240. O. Coordinates (240,0), (240,-240), (0,-240) and (0,0) are 240. -240. O. connected by a solid line from the current pen position. -240.0.0 MODE TN Returns from the graphic mode to the text mode (4O characters per line). MODE TL Returns from the graphic mode to the text mode (26 characters per line). MODE TS Returns from the graphic mode to the text mode (80 characters per line). MODE GR Switches from the text mode to the graph mode (in order to draw graphs and figures). Valid in GRAPH mode. 10 MOVE 150. 100 Moves the pen upward from the current pen position to coordinates (150, 100).

20 RMOVE -240. Moves the pen upward relatively from the current pen 240 position by -240 (X direction) and 240 (Y direction). PAGE Valid in TEXT mode. PCOLOR PHOME PLOT PRINTIP PRINTIP USING KLINE SKIP TEST 10 PAGE 30 10 PCOlOR 1 20 PR INT/P "ABC" PLOT ON PLOT OFF 10 PRINT/P A.AS Specifies 30 lines per page. Valid in both TEXT and GRAPH mode Prints "ABC" to the plotter printer in blue. Moves the pen upward from the current pen position and returns to the starting point. (Valid in GRAPH mode) Enables use of color plotter printer as substitution for the display. (Valid in TEXT mode.) Cancels above function. Valid in TEXT mode Outputs string variable A$ content after the numerical variable A content to printer. 20 PRINT/P ~I • For form feed of printer. Outputs format specified data to screen. Format specifica- tion is written after the word USING. ( ) PRINT/P USING "# Numerical variable A contents are output to printer ### ";A within 4 digits, justified right. Valid in GRAPH mode. 70 RLlNE% 1. 240. Connects specified positions, relatively from current pen O. -120. -SO. position (240,0), (-120, -SO) and (-120080) by solid line. -12. SO 10 SKIP 10 20 SKIP -10 Valid in TEXT mode. Advances the paper 10 lines. Rewinds 10 lines. Checks color specification and ink amount and dryness. (Valid in TEXT mode)

99 Regarding the value of '9ariable X, gets natural logarithm IO!!e X and substitutes for variable A. X must be a positive value. 110 A = LOG (X)/L In order to obtain logy X when the logarithm base is Y, it OG(Y) can be obtained by statement number 110 or statement 120 A = LN (X)/LN number 120. (Y) 100 A=RND (1) 110 B=RND (10) When there is a positive integral number in parentheses, such as in statement number 100 or 110, generates a random number using values from 0.00000001 to 0.99999999 sequentially each time the RND function is used. (This has no relationship to the positive integral number in parentheses.) 200 A=RND (0) When there is a 0 or negative integral number in 210 B=RND (-3) parentheses, such as in statement number 200 or 210, initialization of random number generation occurs, a specific number is always generated, and the same value is substituted for A and for B.

LEFfS MIDS RIGHTS SPC CHRS ASC STRS VAL LEN 10 A$ = LEFT$ (X$, Substitutes string variable XS (from beginning to Nth N) character) for string variable AS. It doesn't matter whether N is a constant, variable or numerical formula. 20 B$ = MID$ (X$, M. N) 30 C$ = RIGHT$ (X $, N) 40 D$ = SPC (N) 60 F$ = CHR$ (A) 70 A = ASC (X$) 80 N$ = STR$ (I) 90 I = VAL (N$) 100 LX = LEN (X$) 110 LS = LEN (X$ + Y$) Substitutes string variable XS (from Mth character to N character) for string variable SS. Substitutes string variable X$ (from end to N character) for string variable CS. Substitutes N number of spaces for string variable D$. Converse to the ASC function, substitutes ASCII code characters which are equivalent to the value of real number A for string variable F$. It doesn't matter whether A is a constant, variable or numerical formula. Substitutes the value of the ASCII code of the first character of st~ng variable X$ for variable A. Converse to the V AL variable, substitutes the numerical variable I as if it were a string for string variable N$. Substitutes the numerical string of string variable N$ as if it were a number for variable I. Substitutes the character length (character number) of string variable X$ for variable LX. Substitutes the sum of the character length of string variables X$ and Y$ for variable LS.

TAB 10 PRINT TAB (X);A Displays the value of variable A at the X + 1 character position counting from the left edge of the screen. 5.1.17 Arithmetic Operations The calculation priority is of white figures on dark background at left side, but the calculation of figures in parentheses ( ) has even higher priority. t 10 A = X t Y Substitutes the X t Y calculation result for variable A. * + (power) 10 A = -B (minus sign) 10A=X*Y (multiplication) 10A = XIY (division) 10 A = X + Y (addition) 10 A = X - Y (subtraction) (Note, however, that an error occurs if Y is not an integral number when X is a negative number at X t Y.) 0- 8 is a subtraction; note that the "-" of -8 is a minus sign. Substitutes the multiplication result of X and Y for variable A. Substitutes the division result of X and Y for variable A. Substitutes the addition result of X and Y for variable A. Substitutes the subtraction result of X and Y for variable A. 5.1.18 Comparison Logic Operators > 10 IF A = X THEN 20 IF A$ = "XYZ" If variables A and X are equal, executes commands from THEN onward. If string variable AS content is string XYZ, executes THEN ............... commands from THEN onward. 10 IF A>X THEN ... If variable A is greater than X, executes commands from THEN onward.

>=or=< <=or=< * + 10 IF AF THEN ... If variable A and X are not equal, executes commands from THEN onward. 10 IF A>=X THEN 10 IF A<=X THEN 40 IF (A>X) * (8) If variable A is greater than or equal to X, executes commands from THEN onward. If variable A is smaller than or equal to X, executes commands from THEN onward. If variable A is greater than X and variable B is greater Y) THEN .......... than Y, executes commands from THEN onward. 50 IF (A>X) + (8) If variable A is greater than X or variable B is greater Y) THEN .......... than Y, executes commands from THEN onward. 5.1.19 Other Symbols ? • 200 ? "A+B= "; A Can be used instead of PRINT. Consequently, statement + B number 200 and 210 are the same. 210 PRINT "A+B ="; A+B 220 A=X:B=X t 2: A symbol to express punctuation of the command state- lA.B ment; used in multiple commands. There are 3 command statements used in the statement number 220 multiple command. 230 PRINT "AB"; "C Executes PRINT continuously. As a result line number 0"; "EF" 230, "ABCDEF" is displayed on the screen continuously, with no space. 240 INPUT "X="; X Displays "X =" on screen; awaits data key input of string $ variable XS. 250 PRINT" AB n,"C Executes PRINT with tabulation. For statement number 0", "E" 250, first AB is displayed on the screen, then CD is displayed in the position 10 characters to the right of A, and then E is displayed in the position 10 characters to the right of C.