Wang 700A Reference Manual

Tewksbury, Mass. 01876 Telephone (617) 851-7all TWX 110 343-6769 REFEREN~EM:ANUAL ,, t,

a basic understanding and practical guidance in the use of Wang's 700A/B Electronic Calculators. The aim has been to assist the user by presenting the most useful technique, concept and method for utilizing the 700 to its best advantage. For further information, contact your local sales office or Wang Laboratories, Inc., 836 North Street, Tewksbury, Massachusetts 01876.

SECTION II - EXPLANATION OF KEYS SECTION III - PROGRAMMING SECTION IV - PROGRAM CONCEPTS SECTION V - DECISION COMMANDS SECTION VI - PROGRAMMING TECHNIUUES USING ATAPE CASSETTE SECTION VII - ADDITIONAL COMMANDS NOT FOUND ON THE 700 KEYBOARD SECTION VIII - TRIGONOMETRIC PACKAGE PROGRAM, STATISTICAL PACKAGE PROGRAM SECTION IX - SAMPLE PROGRAMS SECTION X- WARRANTY, SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I - INTRODUCTION Introduction . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1-1 • • • • SECTION II - EXPLANATION OF KEYS Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Run Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Learn Mode'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' Learn-Print Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List-Program Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turning the 700 ON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-Programmable Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Program Counter and Set PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Verify Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Record Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X-Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entering aNumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Set Exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Y-Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Program-Error Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Storage Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toggle Switches and Special Function Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Store Direct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recall Direct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exchange Direct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide Direct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indirect Addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Indirect Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages of Indirect Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recall Residue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Write Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Group I - Group 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION III - PROGRAMMING Coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating a Code Using Special Function Keys and Toggle Switches Core Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Registers Occupied By a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION IV - PROGRAM CONCEPTS Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mark and Search Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subroutine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Double-Level Subroutines (or a Subroutine within a Subroutine) . . . . . . v 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-6 2-8 2-9 2-9 2-9 2-12 2-12 2-13 2-13 2-14 2-14 2-16 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-20 2-21 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-5 4-1 4-2 4-5 4-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) SECTION V - DECISION COMMANDS DECISIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Skip if Y = X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Skip if Y > X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 SkipifY

SECTION IX - SAMPLE PROGRAMS Algebra of Complex Numbers (Program) . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9-1 SECTION X - WARRANTY, SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE Warranty. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10-1 Post-Warranty Service Availability • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10-1 Annual Maintenance Contract. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .10-1 Post-Warranty Service Call Without Maintenance Contract • • • • • • • • • 10-1 In-House Maintenance Capability • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10-2 APPENDIX Typing Conventions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • A-I Index • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • A-4 .. Vll

REWIND I o 0 PROGRAM MACHINE ERROR ERROR , 0000 BC 40 20 10 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 06 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 DEGREE RADIANS SINX COSX TANX SIN-1 COS-I TAN-1 TO POLAR TO RECT SINHX COSHX TANHX SINH- 1 COSti~ TANW' 0 TO RADIANS TO DEGREES X X X X X ,. .... ,. ... SKIP WRITE END RECALL ~ ,. ..... ,. RECALL CHANGE {X CLEAR LOAD ALPHA ALPHA INDIR DIRECT SIGN X' X PROG IF MARK PRIME INDIR DIRECT ERROR ... • SKIP STORE • • STORE END VERIFY • 7 B 9 RETURN WRITE l/X INDIR INDIR DIRECT DIRECT - PROG IF • PROG Y~X INTEGER RECALL X X l SKIP Ixi RESIDUE INDIR DIRECT X 4 5 6 STOP IF GROUP SET X Y=X 1 PC -+ - - SKIP lOx LOG,.X 1T INDIR DIRECT - 1 2 3 IF GROUP RECORD Y

calculations can be done right at the desk. The 700 keyboard is extremely simple to operate. Once the fundamental operations have been mastered, programming the 700 is easy. The Wang 700 is a self-contained programmable electronic calculator constructed with integrated circuits on snap-in replaceable printed circuit modules. The 700 is composed of three basic elements: 1. The Central Processing Unit 2. Read-Only Memory 3. Core Memory The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the hardware which performs the arithmetic operations. The Read-Only Memory guides the CPU in all its operations. In effect, the Read Only Memory is "the brains" of the Wang 700. It directs all arithmetic and logical operations on the 700 and has been programmed to perform all the functions found on the 67 keys of the 700 keyboard. The 700 Core Memory is organized into 121 or 122 data registers; plus a nixie display of the two work registers X and Y; 120 registers can be used for data storage or program storage. All user programs are executed from core memory. The trig functions are also executed from core memory. Section II explains the modes of operation on the 700, as well as the five non-pro- grammable keys; discusses the dual nixie-type display readout and the basic arithmetic operations; explains direct and indirect addressing of the data storage registers; explains the RECALL RESIDUE key _. a unique Wang feature that makes double-precision arithmetic a simple operation on the 700. The usefulness of the Wang 700 comes from its programming capabilities. A program is simply a logical sequence of steps which the calculator can perform automatically over and over again on different variables. If the calculation is to be performed only once, it probably is simple enough to do it manually on the keyboard. However, if the same calculations are to be done repeatedly, it is beneficial to record and save the steps of the calculation in the form of a program and let the calculator perform these repeated operations. The program is loaded into core and executed from core. Programs can also be stored on magnetic tape for later use. Sections III, IV, V, VI, and VII discuss various techniques to use in programming the Wang 700. They explain how to introduce a program into core memory and how to save it for later use on tape cassettes. Also, they explain how several parts of a program can share the same part of core memory. Section VIII discusses the TRIG functions of the Wang 1 - 1

indirect addressing. Section X contains warranty, service, and maintenance information. An appendix is included in this manual which covers typing conventions and contains an index to help the user locate with ease certain items of interest. 700A -7008 700A 700B PROGRAM STEPS 960 960 . REGISTERS 000-119 120-121 * (Scratch Pad Only) 2 Level subroutine Drives 701 output writer 000-119 120* (Storage Only) 5 Level subroutine Drives 701 Output writer 702 Plotter *The 700A register 121 and the 700B register 120 may be used as scratch pads only if sub- routine 00-00 thru 01-15 are not accessed. When these subroutines are called upon the Y register is automatically stored in these registers. 1-2

o 0 !lflllll I ••• 0000 LEARN LIST PRINT PROGRAM LEARN RUN MODES OF OPERATION The 700 has four different modes of operation. The four lock-in switches located above the toggle switches on the 700 keyboard are used to put the 700 into a certain mode of operation. RUN MODE The RUN MODE is used for most 700 operations. All keyboard calculations are done in the RUN MODE. In fact, practically all operations except introducing a program into core memory from the keyboard are performed on the 700 in the RUN MODE. SECTION II EXPLANATION OF KEYS LEARN MODE The 700 is put into LEARN MODE when a program is to be written into core. Every programmable key which is indexed while the 700 is in LEARN MODE is "learned" or recorded in core. In LEARN MODE the Y-Register is blanked and the X-Register displays the program step number and the program code stored at that step. LEARN-PRINT MODE The LEARN-PRINT MODE and the LIST PROGRAM MODE are used only when the output writer is available. In the LEARN-PRINT MODE,each key indexed is "learned" into core and is also listed Or the output writer. As each key is indexed, the program step number and the program code of the key is listed on the output writer, giving the user a hard copy of his program as he writes it! 2-1

LIST-PROGRAM MODE When the 700 is put in the LIST-PROGRAM MODE and the GO key is depressed, it automatically lists the program steps and program code in increments of 100 steps until it encounters an END PROGRAM code. The LEARN-PRINT and LIST-PROGRAM modes are discussed in greater detail in the 70 1 OUTPUT WRITER MANUAL. TURNING THE 700 ON The procedure for turning the 700 on consists of three steps: 1. Turn power switch ON. 2. Index PRIME to initialize the system. 3. Select mode of operation. (In most instances the R UN mode will be selected. Depress R UN button.) The Wang 700 is now in RUN MODE ready to perform your calculations. NON PROGRAMMABLE KEYS Because of their function, there are five keys which cannot be programmed on the Wang 700. Each of these commands is discussed briefly in this section. All of their functions and uses will become clear after reading the entire manual. The five non programmable keys on the 700 are: PRIME DODD I II II II I 0000 0 0 G EJ ,, PRIME VERIFY PROG SET PC . RECORD PROG STEP The PRIME key initializes the 700 system and should always be depressed when the 700 is first turned on. It also performs the following operations: 1. Clears V-Register to zero. 2. Clears X-Register to zero. 3. Sets the program counter to Step 000. 4. Resets program-error and machine-error indicators. 2-2

The PRIME key should be depressed when the 700 is first turned on. NOTE The PRIME key should not be depressed when any operation is being executed. If the program is to be stopped during execution, the STEP key should be used. This will stop the program after the current step is executed. Also indexing the PRIME key when RECORD PROGRAM or LOAD PROGRAM commands are being executed will cause difficulty with the tape. If the PRIME key is indexed accidentally during a RECORD PROGRAM or LOAD PROGRAM operation, the operation will be terminated immediately. However, the tape should be rewound before executing any other tape operations. PROGRAM COUNTER AND SET PC The program counter or PC is a counter which counts from 000 to 959. It indicates which program step is about to be executed. At all times, it always points to the next program step. Thus, when the machine is performing step 108, the PC is already on step 109. The SET PC key allows the user to address and set the program counter with the next three keystrokes. SET PC 018 This instruction sets the program counter to program step number 018. To set the program counter requires four keystrokes: SET PC followed by three numeric keys. PRIME auto- matically sets the program counter to step number 000. STEP The STEP key allows the user to step through his program one step at a time. If the program is running when the STEP key is indexed, the program stops at the step it is about to execute. In the RUN MODE, depressing the STEP key will cause the 700 to perform the next step in the program. Each time the STEP key is indexed, the next program step will be executed. The GO key will take the 700 out of the stepping mode and put it in the continuous mode executing the remaining steps in the program until a STOP command is encountered. NOTE In any 2-step command such as DIRECT ADDRESSING and WRITE ALPHA commands, the GO key should not be depressed in the middle of the 2-step command. The entire 2-step command should be executed in step mode before switching to the continuous mode. This stepping feature is of tremendous value for debugging programs. The programmer can step through his program and locate his difficulty immediately. By switching to LEARN 2-3

MODE he can see the step number and the code of the operation he is about to execute. When stepping through a program in LEARN MODE, the program step number (the PC) and the program code of the operation is displayed in the X-Register. However, in LEARN MODE the operation is not executed. VERIFY PROGRAM The VERIFY PROGRAM key decimally adds the high-order and low-order digits of the program codes in core beginning at step 000 until it encounters an END PROGRAM code. The sum is displayed in the right-most digits of the mantissa of the X-Register. EXAMPLE STEP # 000 001 002 003 004 KEY MARK 0700 x2 STOP END PROG CODE 0408 0700 0713 0515 0512 If this program is located in core and the VERIFY PROGRAM key is depressed the sum displayed in X is 59. 04 08 07 00 07 13 05 15 -59 After performing this operation, the PC is set at the step where the END PROGRAM command is located. (Step 004 in this example.) Notice the code for END PROGRAM is not added into the sum generated by the VERIFY PROGRAM key. RECORD PROGRAM This key transfers a program from core to magnetic tape. The PC is set to a specific step and the program steps starting at this step are transferred to the tape until an END PROGRAM command is reached. The END PROGRAM command is the last step trans- ferred to the tape. After transferring the program to tape, the PC is set to where it was originally set (i.e., the first program step to be transferred to the tape). The five keys, PRIME, SET PC, VERIFY PROGRAM, RECORD PROGRAM and STEP are the only keys on the 700 which cannot be used in a program. Therefore, when any of these keys are indexed it doesn't matter whether the machine is in LEARN or RUN MODE. THE DISPLAY The display consists of two work registers, X and Y. Both the X and Y Registers are displayed simultaneously by easily readable half-inch nixie-type tubes. Each register has a + sign and twelve digit mantissa followed by a two-digit exponent with a range of -99 to +99. 2·4

Section /I Explanation of Keys + X X (Y-Register) + X X (X-Register) \ 'exponent sign of exponent For numbers in the range .1 ~ INI < 1 000000000, the decimal point retains its natural position. When a number lies outside this range, the decimal automatically relocates to the extreme left, and the exponent of the power of lOis indicated correctly in modified scientific notation. This property will become clear after a few minutes familiarization with the keyboard. (A few numbers and how they appear in the display are given below.) X-REGISTER The keys 0, 1, 2, ...9 and decimal point (.) are used for entering a number into the X-Register. The SETEXP key is used to set the exponent value of X. The CH SIGN key changes the algebraic sign of the mantissa or exponent of X. Indexing a number into the 700 keyboard is as simple as writing the number down on paper. The normal sequence of steps is to key in the mantissa followed by the SETEXP key and the value of the exponent. ENTERING A NUMBER Index the following few numbers on the 700 keyboard. After indexing the number into the X-Register. move it to the Y-Register by depressing the t key. NUMBER SEQUENCE OF STEPS DISPLAY a) .152 x 1021 1 5 2 SETEXP 2 1 t . .152000000000 + 21 -- - --- b) 6.62517x 10 -27 6 6 2 5 1 7 SETEXP CHS 2 6 t .662517000000-26 ------ --- c) -2534.5 2 5 3 4 . 5 CHS t ------ -- Or - 2534.50000000 2 5 3 4 5 CHS SETEXP 4 t ----- -- d) .0075 .0075t ------ Or +.750000000000-02 7 5 SETEXP CHS 2 t -- -- Index c and d both ways. Does the display appear differently? Notice example b. Why is 26 entered as the value of the exponent? SET EXP The SETEXP key is used to set the exponent value of X with the next two successive keystrokes. The SETEXP key automatically aligns the decimal point in the left-most position of the X-Register: however, it does not blank out the mantissa. This allows us to change the value of the exponent of a number without having to key in the entire number • agam. 2-5

EXAMPLE Index 1.75 x 1023 Suppose the following sequence of steps is used: 1 . 7 5 SETEXP 2 3 Notice what happens to the decimal point when the SETEXP key is indexed. It is not necessary to index the decimal point, as the SETEXP key automatically aligns it in the left most position. The value of the exponent will also have to be indexed correctly. If the number is in proper scientific notation, the value of the exponent is simply increased by 1. Thus, the correct sequence of steps would be: CLEAR X 1 7 5 SETEXP 2 4 All numbers indexed after the SETEXP key simply changes the value of the exponent. Since the range of the exponent is -99 to +99, normally only I or 2 numbers are indexed after the SETEXP key. However, if more than 2 numbers are indexed, the exponent takes on the value of the last 2 numbers entered. EXAMPLE If the following sequence of steps is performed: 1. 1 2 SETEXP 2 3 4, the value of the exponent is 34. 2. For SETEXP CHS 3 57, the value of the exponent is -57. 3. For SETEXP 5 0 2, the value of the exponent should be 2. However, on the display the exponent would be blanked out and the decimal point would assume its natural position. The 700 will remain in the SETEXP mode until a non numeric key or the decimal point key is depressed. V-REGISTER The Y-Register is another work register used in conjunction with the X-Register for basic arithmetic operations and data transfers. A number in the X-Register can easily be trans- ferred to the Y-Register by indexing the t key or ~ t key. KEYSTROKE CLEAR X f ~ U + x OPERATION Clears X-Register X into Y, X unchanged Y into X, Y unchanged X and Y exchanged Y+X into Y, X unchanged Y-X into Y, X unchanged Yx X into Y, X unchanged 2-6

operations. Y+X into Y, X unchanged Absolute value of X into X, Y unchanged Disregards decimal part of number in X and puts integer part of number in X, Y unchanged 1/X into X, Y unchanged x2 into X, Y unchanged v'X into X, Y unchanged LOGlo X into X, Y unchanged lOx into X, Y unchanged LOGeX into X, Y unchanged eX into X, Y unchanged rr into X, Y unchanged Section 1/ Explanation of Keys • • rr !XI INTX l/X EXAMPLE 3. Calculate 51 x 6.2 = + 62.0119219307 y'26' 1.51 t 1.51 t 2. 6 . 2 x 2. 2 6 vx + 3. 2 6-vx + 3.6 . 2 x (Answer in Y,v126 in X) (Answer in Y, 6.2 in X) EXAMPLE 2. Calculate (5)2 - (20)2 + (1/15)2 +V'70 = - 366.628955291 1. CLEAR X 2. 5 x 2 t 3.20 x 2 - 4. 1 5 l/x x2 + 5.70 vx + (Answer in Y,v'70 in X) EXAMPLE 4. A=rrr2 r=.568x 10-6 = +.101355318827-11 1.5 6 8 SETEXP 6 CHS 2. x2 t rr 3. X (Answer in Y, rr in X) EXAMPLE 1. Calculate.083+ 17.86+32.2= +50.1430000000 1. PRIME 2.·.083~ 3. 1 7. 8 6 + 4.3 2 . 2 + (Answer in Y, 32.2 in X) vx LOGloX lOx LOGeX x e

EXAMPLE 5. Calculate (12.8)?/3 = + 383.256852976 1. 1 2 . 8 LOGeX 1. 1 2 . 8 LOG! 0 X 2. t 7 x or 2.' 7 x 3.3 + 3.3+ 4. t eX (Answer in X) 4. ~ lOX (Answer in X) EXAMPLE 6. Reduce t~e angle 865 0 to an equivalent angle less than 3600 . Formula 865 - INT ~865'; 360 = equivalent (145) 360 360 value '. - - / 1. 865 t 2.3 6 0 + 3. tINT (X) 4.- 5.3 6 0 x (Answer in Y, 360 in X) EXAMPLE 7. Calculate the following: a. c = 2 T( r where r = .347 X 10- 5 = .21802 .. xlO-4 b. M = 90 + 87 + 68 + 77 = 80.5 4 c. y'"M + 1 where M is the answer of 7 (b) y'M Answer = 8.984 ... Hint: Use +t key d. e5.3 + 105.7 + T(2 = 501397 .4 ... e. Log (-.2) What happens? Why? PRIME and find vC3. What happens? Why? PROGRAM-ERROR INDICATOR There are two lights located to the right of the Special Function Keys on the 700 keyboard. These two lights are used as error indicators. The one on the right indicates MACHINE ERROR; the one on the left PROGRAM ERROR. The MACHINE ERROR INDICATOR is discussed later. The PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR is turned on whenever an illegal operation is performed (i.e., taking the logarithm or square root of a negative number, or dividing by zero). Also, if a calculated result is greater than 1099 , the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR will be turned on. Whenever the indicator is on, the arithmetic sign of the X-Register also flashes. OPERATIONS WHICH TURN PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR ON Calculated result greater than 1099 Division by 0 y:::x LOG! oX where x< 0 (Overflow condition) 2·8

Log e where x< 0 Searching Non-Existent Flag (See page 4-3). Addressing An Illegal Data Register (Any Register Greater than 121) Program Overlaps Core (See BYPASSING PROGRAM BLOCKS page 6-8) Program Block is Missing An END PROGRAM Instruction (See Definition of PROGRAM BLOCK(page 6-4) The PRIME key is used to turn the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR off. In program- Illing, a SKIP IF ERROR command is available to test for this condition. Performing this il'st will also turn the indicator off. DATA STORAGE REGISTERS [n addition to the X and Y work registers, the Wang 700 has up to 122 storage registers. I':ach register has a 12-digit mantissa with sign and a two-digit exponent with sign. The registers are numbered consecutively from 000 to 121 and can be addressed both directly ;Ind indirectly for maximum convenience. Numbers are stored from and recalled to the X- Register. Each register can be used to add, subtract, multiply and divide. Any number in storage can be exchanged or swapped with any number in the X-Register. DIRECT ADDRESSING Direct addressing of registers requires a two-step command. The first keystroke indicates lile operation (i.e., to Store, Recall, Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, or Exchange). The second keystroke indicates the register in which the operation is to be performed. To store a nllmber, simply index the control key STORE DIRECT followed by a second keystroke Identifying the register number. TOGGLE SWITCHES AND SPECIAL FUNCTION KEYS Eqch register is represented by a combination of toggle switch settings and special III nction keys. 0000 80402010 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 •••• DODD 2-9 It o 0

15 14 12 13 o 0 o 0 1 1 09 10 IltllllJ I Ii II II • • , , ~ . a ..... . -~..., DODD DODD •••• •••• :;:::::;:::::::::: 00 01 02 03 Wf 05 06 07 08 09 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 ;.:.;.:-:.:.:<.:. gg 01 02 03 04 05 06 ••.•·.0 .••. :.1.................. 08 .................. _---L_-'--_I....-..--L_--l.-_~=_---L_-'--_I....-__l._----L_..l.-----'L---' 0080 80402010 BoBO 80402010 Notice the toggle switch setting. When the 07 key is indexed the register designated is 117 (80 + 20 + 10 + 7). When the 00 key is indexed the register designated is 110 (80 + 20 + 10 + 0). The toggle switches are set to the OFF (down) position. When the toggle switches are in the down position, the special function keys designate the registers 000 to 015. The 4 toggle switches are labeled 80, 40, 20 and 10. When one of these toggle switches is switched to the ON (up) position and a special function key is indexed, the register designated is the sum of the values of the toggle switches and the special function key. (1) Depressing the special function key 04 while switch setting (20) is flicked ON designates register 24 (20 + 4). (2)

2-11 oogo 80402010 (3) Designate Register 32 in two different ways: One way of doing this would be to set toggle switches 20 and 10 to the ON (up) position and press the special function key 02. Another way is the following: Set toggle switch 20 in the up position and press the 12 key. Notice both combinations 20 + 10 + 2 and 20 + 12 designate register 32. Thus, different combinations of toggle switch settings and special function keys can be used to identify a particular register. However. in J:' - _.',,,. - ';~ , -,< '-

LEARN MODE the program code designating Register 32 would be 0302 or 0212, depend- ing on which method was used. STORE DIRECT To store a number in a register, simply index the number into the X-Register, press the STORE DIRECT key followed by the register number. EXAMPLE 1: EXAMPLE 2: Store 1r 2 into register 14 * Toggle switches down Index 1r x2 STORE DIRECT 14 1r 2 is now stored in register 14 and is still displayed in the X-Register. Store .57 x 10 18 into Register 32 *Toggle switches 20 and 10 UP Index 5 7 SETEXP 1 8 ---- -- STORE DIRECT 02 .57 X 1018 is now stored in Register 32 and is still displayed in X. i * NOTE For problems requiring less than 17 storage registers and for general usage, the toggle switches are kept in the OFF (down) position and the Special Function Keys are used to address Registers 000 to 015. RECALL DIRECT RECALL DIRECT recalls the number from the designated register into the X-Register. The number appears in the X-Register and also remains in the storage register. The sequence of steps to follow is the same as with STORE DIRECT. I EXAMPLE: Recall1r 2 from register 14 Index RECALL DIRECT 14 1r 2 appears in the X-Register and is still in storage register 14. 2·12

~ -..... DIRECT, The -: DIRECT key is a handy command which allows the operator to exchange a number in the X-Register with a number in any of the storage registers. The command simply swaps the values of the X-Register and the internal register. Again the sequence of steps to follow is -: DIRECT followed by the desired register. EXAMPLE: Suppose 27.8 is in the X-Register and 1f2 is in Register 14. To store 27.8 in Register 14 and reca1l1f 2 to the X-Register in one operation: Index ~ DIRECT 14 • +DIRECT Adds number in X-REGISTER to value stored in register designated by next keystroke. The X and Y Registers remain unchanged. -DIRECT Subtracts number In X-REGISTER from value stored In register designated by next keystroke. The X and Y Registers remain unchanged. XDIRECT Multiplies number in X-REGISTER by value stored in register designated by next keystroke. The X and Y Registers remain unchanged. -:-DIRECT Divides number in X-REGISTER into number stored in register designated by next keystroke. The X and Y Registers remain unchanged. What happens if the same operation is performed again? ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, AND DIVIDE DIRECT (The X and V Registers Remain Unchanged.) In addition to storing a l2-digit mantissa and a 2-digit exponent, the registers can be lIsed as accumulators to add, subtract, multiply and divide. With each of these operations the result is stored in the designated register and the X-Register and Y-Register remain ullchanged. The four arithmetic operations are' A simple example will illustrate how each of these commands works. EXAMPLE: Perform the following in Register 001 (13 x2) + 4 -3=7 3 1. 1 3 STORE DIRECT 01 Places 13 in Register 01 -- and the X-Register 2. 2 X DIRECT 01 This sequence of steps - - places the product equal to 26 in Register Oland 2 remains unchanged in the X-Register. 3. 4 + DIRECT 01 Adds 4 to the Answer. - 30 is now in Register 01, 4 is in X-Register. 2-13

4. 3 -;.-DIRECT 01 - 5. - DIRECT 01 6. RECALL DIRECT 01 Divides result by 3 putting lOin Register 01, 3 remains in X-Register. Since 3 is in X when the command is given, 3 is subtracted from 10 putting 7 in Register 01, 3 in X-Register. Recalls final answer to X. = 7 The fact that the result is put in the storage register rather than the X-Register can be extremely useful if we are using a constant multiplier or divisor. INDIRECT ADDRESSING In addition to providing direct access to the internal storage registers, the Wang 700 offers an indirect mode of address. Both display registers are utilized for indirect addressing. The Y-Register designates the register being addressed. As with direct addressing, the X-Register is used as the work register. The command is performed on the number in X and the result is placed in the internal storage register. Indirect addressing is a valuable programming tool for saving program steps, especially in repetitive matrix-type operations. Remember, indirect addressing requires only one step - the operation itself. The register on which the operation is performed is identified by the number in Y. INDIRECT KEYS The indirect commands are identical to those used in direct addressing. They consist of the following: KEY OPERATION STORE INDIRECT Stores number in X into Register designated by number in Y. RECALL INDIRECT Recalls number to X from register designated in Y. Number also remains in register. :> INDIRECT Swaps number in X with number in , register designated by Y. + INDIRECT Adds number in X to number in register designated in Y. The sum is placed in internal register. Number in X remains unchanged. 2-14

Subtracts number in X from number in register designated in Y. The difference is placed in internal register. Number in X remains unchanged. Multiplies number in X by number in register designated in Y. The product is placed in internal register. Number in X remains unchanged. Divides number in X into number in register designated in Y. The quotient is placed in internal register. Number in X remains unchanged. The following example illustrates how each of these commands would be used. Example Perform the following in Register 002 using Indirect mode of address. 7(5.8)-7.2 2+ 3 = 126.951111110 3 KEY , 2 t -- 7 ST INDIR - 5 . 8 X INDIR ------- 7 . 2 - INDIR --- 3 -;- INDIR - ~ ~INDIR OPERATION Places the register number in Y (The register number is usually computed in the program) Stores 7 in register 002. The value is now in both register 002 and the X Register. Multiplies the value (7) in Register 002 by 5.8,putting the result in 002 and 5.8 remaining in X. Subtract 7.2 from the value in Register 002 and places result in Register 002. 7.2 remains in X. Divides the value in Register 002 by 3. The result is put in Register 002 and 3 remains in X. Exchanges 7(5.8) - 7.2 in Register 002 3 with 3 in the X-Register. Squares the value in X. 2-15

to users who need greater than 12 digit accuracy. The RECALL RESIDUE key gives the · . .} ,-~... -"'~ ~, ~.. .'.). ~k' ·.,......- . ".- . - ~. · or· · ~. '. ., .' '.. " • , ..,.. "~ "., · OPERATING PROCEDURE' PRIME GO • ·,.' FIGURE 1 + INDIR Adds 7(5.8) - 7.2 2 to 3 in Register 3 002. The result is placed in Register 002 and 7(5.8) - 7.2 2 remains in X. 3 ADVANTAGES OF INDIRECT ADDRESSING Two advantages of the indirect mode of addressing are: 1. It requires only one keystroke to perform the indicated operation. 2. By ,constructing a loop, a given program step sequence can operate on many different setll of registers. A saving of many program steps can result from this technique. ~.o: RECALL INDIR Recalls final answer = 126.951111110 · -;,.,< Section II Explanation of Keys ,< " Figure L is a simple program which illustrates the advantage of indirect addressing. The , .e. program stored 0 in the first 100 registers. Using direct access a minimum of 200 steps - .".: would betequired. (Two keystrokes per register - STORE DIRECT followed by each register nufnber.) In contrast, this program requires only 13 steps to accomplish the same thing. A savings of 187 steps! ,

user the option of double precision arithmetic for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division performed in any of the storage registers or the X and Y registers. By indexing the RECALL RESIDUE key directly after performing one of these operations, another 12 digits of accuracy is acquired. ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION When the RECALL RESIDUE key is indexed after performing an addition, subtraction or multiplication, a residue is displayed in the X-Register, which if added to the first 12 digits of the result, gives an additional 12 digits of accuracy. Examples are given to show how the RECALL RESIDUE key is used for addition, subtraction, and multiplication. EXAMPLE 1: OPERATION DISPLAY . ADD ON 700 5024873058.28 5024873058.28 "+5024873058.28 ------------- t +6.8520987 - + 6.8520987 6.8520987 ------- -- 5024873065.1320987 + "+.502487306513 +10 - • ~6.8520927 RESIDUE +.502487306513 +10 +.209870000000 -02 By indexing the RECALL RESIDUE key, the significant digits which would ordinarily be lost in the shifting process are retained. The final result is always the algebraic sum of the values displayed. In subtraction, however, the residue might be opposite in sign to the answer. This should not cause any difficulty since the residue is always algebraically added to the result. EXAMPLE 2: SUBTRACT OPERATION DISPLAY ON 700 ,. '. " 45024873058.28 . 5024873058.28 5024873058.28 - - - - - - - - - -- - - t ~6.8520987 - - 6.8520987 6.8520987 --------- tf..502487305143 +10 5024873051.4279013 -- ~6.8520987 2-17

RESIDUE +.502487305143 +10 -.209870000000 -02 In this example, the residue is opposite in sign to the result. If these two numbers aIT added together, the correct result is generated. An easy way of performing this addition is to decrease the 12th digit of the result by 1 (.502487305143 becomes .50248730512), subtract each digit of the residue from 9 so .20987 becomes.79012, and add 1 to the last significant digit (.79013). Multiplication works the same way as addition. EXAMPLE 3: OPERATION MULTIPLY ON 700 DISPLAY 31415.9254998 3 141 5.9254998 +31415.9254998 ------------- .728645297326 +.728645297326 t- .728645297326 ------------- /+22891.0663764 +.728645297326 The • answer IS x- /+22891.0663765 22891.0663765732361535348 RESIDUE +.732361535348 -07 I ~ . ~ ~ The first twelve digits of the product are in Y; the last 12 digits are in X. DIVISION Using the RECALL RESIDUE key in division is slightly different from addition, subtraction, and multiplication. In division, indexing the RECALL RESIDUE key gives us a remainder. Using this remainder and the original divisor, 12 more digits of accuracy can be obtained by performing the division again. Study the following example illustrating the technique: 2-18

I \;\MPLE 4: DIVIDE 22 7 I 3.14285714285 / /220000000 21 10 7 30 28 20 14 60 56 40 35 50 49 10 7 30 28 20 14 60 56 40 35 .___lII Remainder OPERATION ON 700 22--t- 7- • •- RESIDUE DISPLAY /+22.000000000 +7 +3.14285714285 +7.00000000000./ "+3.14285714285 ~.500000000000 -11 The +.500000000000 - 11 displayed in X after the RECALL RESIDUE key is pressed indicates a remainder of 5 after the first 12 digits of the quotient are generated. Notice the proper decimal position is retained (i.e., .5 x 10- 11 ). Since the decimal position is retained automatically, the original divisor should be expressed with the decimal point in the left most position and an exponent value of 0 before performing the second division. Thus, .7 is divided into the remainder .5 xl 0-11 and 12 more digits of the quotient are generated. To preserve the first 12 digits of the quotient, the second division is performed in Register 000. 2-19

Since the remainder is now in X STDIR 00 - 7 SETEXP* 7DIR 00 - RE DIR 00 *This command automatically aligns the decimal point and exponential value of the divisor. Read .714285714285 - 11 in the X-Register which if added to 3.14285714285 yields 24 digit accuracy for 22/7. If greater accuracy is desired, simply touch the RECALL RESIDUE key to obtain the remainder (.5000000000000 - 23) and repeat the process. This example illustrates the fact that the RECALL RESIDUE key performs the same function when any of the 120 internal registers are used to add, subtract, multiply and divide. The RECALL RESIDUE key is NOT limited to use solely with the X and Y registers. IT SHOULD ALSO BE NOTED THAT THE RESIDUE MUST BE SAVED AFTER EACH OPERAnON IF IT IS TO BE USED IN FURTHER CALCULAnONS. WRITE COMMANDS The 701 Output Writer provides the user with completely formatted alpha-numeric output of his calculated results. NUMERIC output consists of a two-step command. The WRITE key followed by a format command will print the contents of the X-Register. The format command specifies the number of digits to be printed out before and after the decimal point EXAMPLE The HIGH ORDER digit of the code specifies the number of digits before the decimal point. '. WRITE 02 03 ~~. -. The LOW ORDER digit of the code specifies the number of digits after the decimal point. The above command would print two digits before the decimal point arid three digits after the decimal point. An option to always print in modified scientific notation is available. 2·20

EXAMPLE Display: Command: Output will appear as: +.12345678123 - 40 WRITE 0015 .123456789l23ex - 40 ALPHABETIC output can be printed under program control by using the WRITE ALPHA command. Indexing the WRITE ALPHA key places the 700 in alpha mode so that :i1pha characters can be printed. The END ALPHA command takes the 700 out of alpha 11l0de. EXAMPLE WRITE ALPHA H 0101 E 0205 L 0109 L - 0109 o - 0209 END ALPHA (Places 700 in alpha mode) (Takes the 700 out of alpha mode) • The above example would print the word '"HELLO." Other control commands such as shifting to upper and lower case, carriage return, line feed, spacing, backspace, and tabulation are all available on the Output Writer. All these features are discussed in the 701 OUTPUT WRITER MANUAL. GROUP1-GROUP2 These two keys are reserved for addressing optional peripheral equipment. 2-21

operations and their respective codes is given below: 700 PROGRAM CODES CODE KEY CODE KEY 0400 + DIRECT 0600 + 0401 - DIRECT 0601 - 0402 x DIRECT 0602 x 0403 7 DIRECT 0603 •-• 0404 STORE DIRECT 0604 t 0405 RECALL 01 RECT 0605 t 0406 ~DIRECT 0606 (j 0407 SEARCH 0607 Ix I 0408 MARK 0608 INTEGER X 0409 GROUPl 0609 'IT 0410 GROUP2 0610 L09! oX 0411 WRITE 0611 L0geX 0412 WRITE ALPHA 0612 VX 0413 END ALPHA 0613 lOx 0414 STORE Y * 0614 eX 0415 RECALL Y * 0615 l/x 0500 + INDIR 0700 0 0501 - INDIR 0701 1 0502 x INDIR 0702 2 0503 7 INDI R 0703 3 0504 STORE INDIR 0704 4 0505 RECALL INDI R 0705 5 0506 C'INDIR 0706 6 0507 SKI P if Y;;;" X 0707 7 *ENTERED BY TOGGLE SWITCH SETTING 3·1

0709 9 0510 SKIP if ERROR 0710 SET EXP 0511 RETURN 0711 CHANGE SIGN 0512 END PROG 0712 DECIMAL POINT 0513 LOAD PROG 0713 X2 0514 GO 0714 RECALL RESIDUE 0515 STOP 0715 CLEAR X ,I I I) ! The four-digit code consists of 2 2-digit number. halves: a high-order 2-digit number and a low-order x X X X ----- ---- HIGH ORDER LOW ORDER Each of these halves can assume the values 00, 01, 02, ... up to 15. Thus there are 16 different high and low-order digits and a total of 16 x 16 = 256 codes. The 64 codes used in the above table are set aside for the keyboard operations. They consist of all possible combinations that can occur when the high-order digit assumes the values 04, 05, 06 and 07 and the low-order digit assumes the values 00 to 15 - a total of 64 codes (16 combinations are in each of the 4 categories). GENERATING A CODE USING SPECIAL FUNCTION KEYS AND TOGGLE SWITCHES While this procedure is not recommended for any of the "operation keys," any legal code can be generated using the toggle switches and the special function keys. The special function keys are used to define the low-order digit and a combination of toggle switches is used to define the high order digit. 0000 80402010 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 •••• DODD 3-2 o 0

000 to 121 or 122. Registers 000 - 119 are used for storing either program steps or data. 16 program steps occupy 2 data-storage registers. Register 120 and 121 are used exclusively for data storage .(700B data register 121 not available.) As stated previously, each programmed operation is represented by a four-digit code. The four-digit code consists of two halves: a high-order two-digit number and a low-order two-digit number. Section" I Programming If the toggle switches are set as in the above figure and the special operation key 12 is indexed, the square root of the number in the X-Register will be generated since the code for square root is 0612. Naturally, the square root of a number would rarely be found using this technique, however, this example is included to explain how to generate any of the 256 codes. This technique is used most often with the Store Y and Recall Y commands. . - The toggle switches are labeled 80, 40, 20, and 10 for convenience in selecting the data storage registers discussed in Section II. THEY CAN ALSO BE VISUALIZED AS REPRESENTING THE NUMBERS 08, 04, 02,AND 01 FOR THE PURPOSE OF GEN- ERATING THE HIGH-ORDER DIGIT OF ANY LEGAL CODE. When a special function key is indexed, the operation executed by the calculator is the command whose high-order digit is defined by the setting of the toggle switches and whose low-order digit is the special function key indexed. ~:, '", t ~- , f- (-, The program code forV"X is 06 '-.;-" HIGH ORDER 12 '-.;-" LOW ORDER 3-3

Section III Programming • PROGRAM STEP NO. 3 3 1 0 9 4 3 2 0 8 3 8 2 2 8 7 7 2 2 2 7 5 1 6 2 2 5 4 5 0 2 2 1 3 2 9 4 2 2 2 0 3 8 2 1 0 9 17 2 1 1 9 7 1 6 1 1 7 6 5 0 1 1 1 5 4 9 4 1 1 4 2 3 8 1 HIGH ORDER 1 2 1 7 LOW ORDER 2 1 0 1 9 1 6 0 0 9 8 5 0 0 0 1 7 6 9 4 0 0 6 4 3 8 0 0 4 3 7 2 0 0 3 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 088 089 096 097 084 085 086 087 098 099 092 093 082 083 090 09 094 095 102 103 104 105 100 10 110 11 108 109 106 107 118 119 114 115 116 117 112 113 '080 081 REG NO. 3-4 • PROGRAM STEP NO. CORE STORAGE 6 6 3 2 9 4 6 6 2 0 3 8 6 5 0 9 7 2 5 5 9 7 1 6 5 HIGH ORDER 5 7 6 5 LOW ORDER 0 5 5 5 4 9 4 5 5 4 2 3 8 5 5 2 1 17 2 5 4 1 9 1 6 4 4 9 8 5 0 4 4 7 6 9 4 4 4 6 4 3 8 4 4 4 3 7 2 4 4 3 1 1 6 4 4 1 0 5 0 3 3 9 8 9 4 3 3 8 6 3 8 3 3 6 5 7 2 3 3 5 3 1 6 3 3 3 2 5 0 066 067 074 075 068 069 060 061 076 077 072 073 056 057 062 063 064 065 054 055 078 079 052 053 050 051 046 047 070 071 048 049 058 059 042 043 044 045 040 041 REG NO. 9 9 5 4 9 4 9 9 4 2 3 8 9 9 2 1 7 2 9 8 1 9 1 6 8 8 9 8 5 0 8 8 7 6 9 4 8 8 6 4 ~ 8 8 8 4 3 7 6 8 8 3 1 1 6 8 8 1 0 5 0 7 7 9 HIGH ORDER 8 9 LOW ORDER 4 7 7 8 6 3 8 7 7 6 5 7 2 7 J 5 3 1 6 7 7 3 2 5 0 7 7 1 0 9 4 7 6 0 I; 3 8 6 6 8 7 7 2 6 6 7 5 1 6 6 6 5 4 5 0 008 009 004 005 006 007 002 003 038 039 036 037 000 001 REG NO. I 010 ( ; 011 , , •!• 012 I 013 014 015 ! ! 016 ,,, 017 ! j , 018 , 019 I, i : , 020 i I 021 ,' I ! ! ! :i ; 022 I , 023 j 024 025 026 ii 027 !,I i i : ! 028 029 II I : i ii 1 li • • I •, ' i j i i j j ii I ; 'Il l , ;,, -' j, , 1 !: ,, , ! ! • • i ) 11 i , , i ; j j i i 1 j ! I 1 ij : j, .;,, ij !I I ; • • i 1 i : i ' i !I : , , ! ;, j ; i ; i 1 I i I • • • • • I 1 ) i I 030 031 i iI;, ;, 032 1i 033 ! ' 034 035

'iii) registers; the high-order digit of a code occupying one register; the low-order digit the othn 10i; register. I Program steps 000 to 015 occupy registers 118 and 119. The following routine to add ~/ 2+ 2 is loaded into Registers 118 + 119 as illustrated. ff·.·· ~:::', ' rj"? " t~· <,~'-- ~, f'-' 5~;:: l/)' 0>. ltt ~l,-~-__ ~'T ~t: ,c"if'"•... '." 0, ~::: ;;;/', c_ -, r' F r:j:: ;::. - ~\, • "t Registers 118 119 05 05 06 06 07 12 15 00 04 02 015 014 013 012 011 010 009 008 007 006 005 004 003 002 001 000 PROGRAM STEP NUMBERS high order low order The high-order digit of the program code is loaded into Register 118, the low-order digit of the code in Register 119. Each pair of registers can accommodate 16 program steps. The program steps are numbered 000 to 959. Step 000 is located in Data Registers 119 and 118, Step 959 is located in Data Registers 000 and 001. (See Page 3-4) It shows exactly what program steps are located in each register. It is advisable to use registers 000, 00 1, 002 003, etc. for data storage and registers 119, 118, 117, etc., for program storage. In this way data will be stored in one end of core and program operations will be stored in the opposite end of core. NUMBER OF REGISTERS OCCUPIED BY A PROGRAM If a program is 7 steps long, 2 data registers are being utilized for storing the program. If the program is 35 steps long, 6 data registers are being used for program steps. To determine how many registers are being utilized: 1. Divide the number of program steps by 16. 2. Round the answer to the next whole number. Example: 33 16 = 2.0625 becomes 3 3. Multiply the whole number by 2 to find the equivalent number of registers being used. 3-5

Accommodates Prog. Steps 016 to 031 7006 (register 121 not available) • -" 6 (2) = 12 registers Example Program Step Numbers Program of 88 steps occupies 12 registers + 1I1111111 9 12 Digit Mantissa + EX 5 9 9 9 4 2 3 8 Data + t Program 0 0 3 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 3 2 1 0 003 121 118 001 116 000 002 117 120 119 88 16=5.5 See Section V, Page 5-4 (for short program to perform this calculation.) Section 11/ Programming 1 i: ): ii I: F ii ",I; ,! il 3-6

20x2 + 5x + 7.2 in y 20x2 in y REMARK Key in x 0404 0000 0713 0604 0702 0700 0602 0705 0402 0000 0405 0000 0600 0707 0712 0702 0600 CODE· 2 + • x 5 XDIR REG 00 REDIR REG 00 + 7 STDIR REG 00 x2 t 2 o OPERATION SECTION IV PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS Notice "the program" is simply the steps the user would perform if he were doing the calculation manually on the keyboard. However, the program needs some sort of command· to tell the calculator where to start and where to end its calculation. This is the purpose of the SEARCH and MARK commands. PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS To exploit the full programming capability of the 700, a few basic programming concepts must be discussed. These are the concept of a branch, a subroutine, a loop and a decision. Usually, the main part of a program advances one step at a time in a linear and continuous fashion. Each operation is performed consecutively one after the other. A program to evaluate the polynomial y = 20x2 + 5x + 7.2 for different values of x would be:

Flags (names or marks) in a program are set by the MARK key followed by a second keystroke. To set a flag requires 2 keystrokes: MARK followed by any of the 256 legal codes. Thus, there are 256 different "names" or flags which can be used in a Wang 700 program. For the simple program we have written to evaluate Y = 20x 2 + 5x + 7.2, the number key 1 is used as a distinguishing flag. Thus, the program is preceded by the 2 keystrokes MARK 1. To end the calculation simply add a STOP command. The complete program thus becomes: OPERATION CODE REMARK MARK 0408 1 0701 STDIR 0404 REG 000 0000 x 2 0713 t 0604 2 0702 0 0700 x 0602 5 0705 XDIR 0402 REG 00 0000 REDIR 0405 REG 00 0000 + 0600 7 0707 • 0712 2 0702 + 0600 STOP 0515 Flags tell the 700 where to start its calculations. They indicate the destination of a SEARCH command. In the SEARCH command, 2 keystrokes are required: SEARCH followed by a second keystroke which identifies the flag or mark to find. Thus, the operating procedure for the above program would be: Key X; SEARCH 1 and the operations between MARK 1 and the STOP command would be executed in sequence. 4-2

general programs. However, any programmable key on the 700 keyboard can be used as a name or marker. A program can start with a MARK eX and to locate this mark, simply SEARCH eX. It should be clear that when the MARK and SEARCH keys are indexed the calculator interprets the next· keystroke as a name or flag and not as any other type of operation. When a SEARCH X command is given the 700 searches through core to locate the designated marker. If on scanning core it doesn't find the mark, the program stops and the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR goes on indicating there is no such mark in core. x 2 STOP 1T / ------- MARK , t x 2 2 SEARCH 3 MARK t SEARCH 2 MARK 1 The program for evaluating the poly- nomial follows a linear sequence of steps. The program executes step 000, then 001, then 002, and so on through to the last step. However, the Wang 700 does not have to follow a linear sequence of steps. ltis possihle for the 700 to start executing commands from step 025 and go through to step 052, then jump to step 075 ignoring all· the commands between step 052 and 075. To break out of a linear sequence of steps and to jump about in a program is called branching. Both conditional and unconditional branching are possible on the 700. The SEARCH and MARK commands are used respectively for branching and for defining the destination of a branch. 4-3

2. Key X, GO Repeat 2 for all x 3. SEARCH 2- Read ~x in X Read N in Y 4. GO Read ~X2 in X OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 4-4 1 0 s:: t 0...... STDIR ...... C':l N REG 00 ........... C':l STDIR ......... ..... s:: REG 01 ....... MARK 0808 STOP +DIR REG 00 ~x x2 0.. +DIR 0 0 REG 01 ~X2 ....:l 1 + n .. -- SEARCH 0808 MARK 2 REDIR REG 00 VJ STOP ~x ...... ..... ;:l REDIR uo Q) ~ REG 01 STOP ~X2 A.To find A == 1Tr2 : Index r SEARCH 1 The program starts by squaring r and putting the result in Y, it then branches to MARK 2 ignoring all commands until it encounters the designated flag, and then multiplies r2 by 1T for the final result in Y. B. To find C == 21Tr: Index r SEARCH 3 The program ignores the commands preceding MARK 3 and starts by putting r in Y and multiplying it by 2. It then branches to MARK 2 ignoring all commands until it encounters the designated flag, and then multiplies 2r by 1T for the final result in Y. As this program demonstrates, the SEARCH command can be part of a program, or can be keyed in by the operator, or both. In either case, upon encountering this command the program branches immediately to the designated k. MARK and SEARCH commands can be located at any point or step in the program. The program on the preceding page evaluates A == 1fr2 or C == 21fr, depending on which steps are executed in the pro~ram. MARK ",,,,,,",,,_'-"' __ ~"'.'''-:';~'__ ':~'' "-,-c,-,y'- ""''- '_'..-_'-~.-'''~-':~'' :.. ,..:.,.~':;: ,:,-- _ '-"_-"~~-;-;-;:.-'; - ._~'.:", -,-_.._--~-..- .- •••.. _.•_.-._,,-- _~--_..,.- --.---~--- -'-"-- .-~..""---'"----' ." .. "'~--~.,."'"'.,;_.,.,,._ ..."' ",--', _., "'.'.-,>," - --' .....' ..

duces the important concept of looping. The program computes the statistical sums; ~x and ~ x2 for any number of x values. The first set of instructions initializes the registers by storing 0 in Y, Register 000, and Register 001. The second part of the program forms a loop which accumulates the ~ x in Register 000, ~ x 2 in Register 001, and the number of points entered in the V-Register. The same operations are performed on each x-value. The program exits from the loop when a SEARCH 2 command is given. The final set of instructions recalls the answers to the displaY. SUBROUTINE Another idea closely related to branching is the concept of a subroutine. A subroutine is a part of a program (a sub-program) which appears several times within the overall program. Subroutine capability allows the program to branch to a specified routine, perform the calculations, and then return from where the program originally branched. On the 700, a single keystroke is needed to branch to a subroutine. A set of 64 operation codes is reserved for this purpose. They consist of the 64 combinations which occur when the high-order digit of the 4 digit code assumes the values 00, 01, 02, and 03. A complete list of these codes is given in Table 1. ~ 0000 0100 0200 0300 0001 0101 0201 0301 0002 0102 0202 0302 0003 0103 0203 0303 0004 0104 0204 0304 0005 0105 0205 0305 0006 0106 0206 0306 0007 0107 0207 0307 0008 0108 0208 0308 0009 0109 0209 0309 0010 0110 0210 0310 0011 0111 0211 0311 0012 0112 0212 0312 0013 0113 0213 0313 0014 0114 0214 0314 0015 0115 0215 0315 TABLE 1 EXAMPLE: Calculate the following for Z 5x2 + 6x + 3 Z = ~ ~- v!5y 2 + 6y + 3 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS: INDEX X SEARCH 0 Y GO Read Z in Y 4-5

SUBROUTINE , STEP KEY CODE MARK 0200 000 MARK 0408 STDIR 001 0 0700 REG 00 002 SR 0200 0200 x2 003 t 0604 ST DIR 004 CLEAR X REG 01 005 STOP 5 006 SR 0200 XDIR 007 n REG 01 008 •-• 6 009 CLEAR X XDIR 010 STOP REG 00 REDIR REG 00 +DIR REG 01 3 +DIR I REG 01 iRE DIR REG 01 RETURN When the first 0200 command is encountered at step 002, the program branches to MARK 0200. At the RETURN command, the program branches back to step 003 and continues on with the program. At the second 0200 command, the program again branches to the subroutine defined by MARK 0200. However, at the RETURN command the program branches back to step 007. There is no limit to the number of times a subroutine can be addressed and executed. The SR preceding the command in the KEY column is simply a mnemonic device indicating to the reader that a subroutine is being addressed. It should be noted that the subroutine addressed through one of the 64 designated codes in Table 1 is preceded by a MARK XXXX of that same code and terminated by a RETURN command; otherwise, the calculator will not know when to return to the spot from which it originally branched. The 64 codes listed in Table I do not necessarily have to define a subroutine. They can be used as regular marks and would then be addressed by the 2-step command SEARCH XXXX. However, it is generally considered wiser to reserve these codes exclusively for defining subroutines. 4-6

On the WANG 700, multi -level subroutines are possible. What does this mean? An example will best illustrate this concept. In the polar conversion in the TRIG PACK, the following formula is used to find e = tan-I y-x Therefore, the polar conversion subroutine addresses the TAN-I X subroutine. This means the 700 must remember what step to branch back to after each of the two RETURN commands are executed. The 700A is capable of remembering 2 return addresses. Thus, it has a double - level subroutine capability. 700B is capable of 5 return addresses, thus it has a five level sub- routine capability. Figure 2 illustrates this concept graphically. The program branches to subroutine, it immediately branches to this routine, executes it and on encountering the RETURN command, branches back to the polar conversion routine which it continues to execute. When the second RETURN command is encountered, control branches back to the main program and the remaining steps are executed. USER PROGRAM To Polar Subroutine MARK o MARK TO POLAR 4-7 MARK TAN-I X SUBROUTINE WITHIN SUBROUTINE

of certain conditions. If the condition is met, the program skips the next two steps. If the condition is not met, the program executes the next step. The four commands are SKIP IF Y = X, SKIP IF Y ;;;, X, SKIP IF Y < X, and SKIP IF ERROR. 11) SkipifY=X This command checks to see if the value in the Y-Register and X-Register are equal. If Y = X the program skips the next two steps. If Y does not equal X the program continues with the next step. As a simple example: Path for STEP KEY Path for Y*X 000 MARK Y=X 001 0 002 SKIP Y = X Executes 003 3 SKIPS STEPS Steps 3 & 4 004 STOP 3&4 005 4 006 STOP ! This program will put 3 in the X-Register if Y is not equal to X, and a 4 in X if Y = X. NOTE In testing for the condition Y = X, the programmer should keep in mind the necessity for absolute equality of the numbers in X and Y. A condition which is not ordinarily found in analytical cqmputations. Discrepancies often occur between the true value and the calculated value of a number. Illustration: Calculate Y =B]x 3 ; 1 5 -1

will treat the numbers as being unequal. Any good book on numerical analysis gives a full discussion on these discrepancies which occur in approximation theory. (2) Skip if Y ;" X This command checks to see if the value in the V-Register is equal to or greater than the value in the X-Register. In the program below: ~~_~ If Y ;;. X the value j y 2 + X2 is calculated. If Y < X the value (Y + Xl2 is calculated. Path MARK Path MARK ForY;" X 0 Y< X 0800 SKIP y;;> X + SEARCH ) 0800 x' x' STOP ( ) x' + ) -.IX STOP 5-2

If the value in Y is less than the value in X, the program skips the next two steps. Ir the value in Y is equal to or greater than X, the next program step is executed. Loop MARK o ) I ST DlR REG 00 MARK 0800 ) XDIR REG 00 I Calculate N' for N > a Key N; SEARCH a This program calculates the value N! for all N > O. N is used as a counter and is also used to generate the product N (N-I) (N-2) .. 1 ~ N! SKIP Y < X--, SEARCH '----0800 REDIR ----' REG 00 STOP When Y

remains unchanged, JX command simply turns PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR Note: SEARCH 0800 SKIP IF ERROR Path for x ;;. 0 Branch to MARK 0800 IXI STOP Path for x

calculation is performed. Suppose the sum Y = x + x 2 + x 3 +....+ xn is to be calculated for various values of x. The program below sets up a loop to calculate this sum for any number of terms. The value of n determines how many terms in the sum will be calculated. MARK Key X OPERATlNG INSTRUCTIONS 0 Key x SEARCH 0 ST DlR Initializes KeyN GO REG 00 Registers Read x in V-Register ~ xn in X-Register I To understand the method used ST DlR in the program, Rewrite the REG 01 sum as Y = To + T j + T 2 + ... Tn 0 where To = x ST DJR T j = xTo T, = xT j REG 02 Tn=xTrn STOP Key n The program starts the sum with x t counter in Y and uses the recursive formula MARK x (xn- l ) to calculate each successive 0800 term. N is used as a counter. The RE DIR x program performs the same calculation REG 00 n times. Each time the loop is executed the counter is decreased by 1. When XDJR N = 0 the loop is terminated and the REG OJ x(xn- 1) final sum is displayed. ~ RE DlR <1) E " REG 01 .~ x ~ " Vol +DJR -0 -0 <1) " REG 02 ~xn E '" ~ " <2 x 1 Decrease N ~ ~ " <1) by J 0- - ~ ~ '" .- - SKIP Y

100 storage registers. In this example, the counter is constantly increasing until it reaches a value of 100. It also serves to designate the storage register being addressed. I, ~-MARK o o ST INDIR I + I o o SKIP Y = X- SEARCH L---O STOP__-' PRIME SEARCH 0 Looping Without a Counter Often there is no way to predetermine exactly the number of times a loop is to be performed. Other criteria have to be used. EXAMPLE In calculating the following sum for X > I 1+ lx 2 + _1 x4 + _I x 6 + .... + I x 20 ' for specified accuracy the number of terms to be calculated depends on the value of x. However, it is obvious that each successive term gets smaller and smaller and eventually approaches zero. If 12 digits of accuracy are needed, the calculation can be carried out until the last term gets so small that it does not materially affect the overall sum. This occurs' when the term becomes smaller than 10 - 11 and the overall sum on the 700 no longer changes its value when a term is added to it. To write the program. it is convenient to rewrite the series as S=To +T 1 +T 2 + .... +TnwhereTo = 1 T,=-'zTo x 5-6

. - 0 X 2 ST DIR REG 02 I ST DIR REG 01 I MARK 0800 • REDIR U"l 0 REG 02 ~ ~.- .;. DIR ~ -0 -0 REG 01 '" -0 REDIR "'"" REG 01 Exchanges Tn E- ( ) ~ and S to save " ~ previous S. '" + - ;:l '" SKIP Y = X Exits -'" U from loop SEARCH 0800 when addition of term no STOP longer affects sum. The program calculates the sum k I ~ to 12 significant digits Xn n=O for any value of x. The loop is performed many more times fat a smaller value of x than it would be for a larger value of x, simply because the series converges faster for large values of x. In all cases when Tn < 10- 1 I, the loop is terminated and the final sum is displayed in x and y. If only three digits of accuracy were needed, each successive term could be compared to 10-3 ; and when Tn < 10- 3, the loop could be terminated. 5·7

Section V Decision Commands When given the number of items to be purchased, this program calculates the discount figure which if multiplied by the unit price calculates total cost. 0% 10% 13% 15% DISCOUNT Read discount figure in Y, number of items in X. Key N = number of items to be purchased SEARCH 0 oto 10 11 to 25 26 to 50 over 50 QUANTITY BRANCH For 11 <;; N <;; 25 BRANCH For 26 <;; N <;; 50 ---1 5-8 BRANCH ForN <;; 10 MARK o t I ST DIR REG 00 I 1 SKIP Y;;;' X SEARCH 0800 o 3 - DIR REG 00 5 I SKIP Y;;;' X SEARCH 0800 I -DIR REG 00 2 6 SKIP Y;;;' X SEARCH 0800 Another frequent use for the decision command is to scan a table or schedule. In many situations, calculations or formulas vary with the class or range the input variable lies in. A typical example is the pricing of articles. Discounts are often allowed according to the number of articles purchased. Below is a schedule for quantity discounts.

instruction. One important technique that should be pointed out is the idea of using the GO command as a do nothing or no-operation instruction. EXAMPLE If two angles are unequal, we want to find the sine of the angle in X and use the sine of this angle in future calculations. If the two angles are equal, the angle itself will be used for future calculations. The program would be similar to the following: Executes subroutine if y l' x and returns to Step 004 STEP 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 KEY MARK 0700 SKIP Y = X ---, SR 0002 (sinx) GO IX I -------' t 7T x 5·9 Jumps to Step 005 ify = x

sine subroutine. Upon completion of the subroutine, the program branches back to step 004. At this point, we do not wish to perform any operation because the SKIP command will skip two program steps if the condition is met. We want 10 perform the same calculation on the variable in X whether it is the sine of the angle or the angle itself. Therefore, a GO command is placed in step 004 which simply tells the program to continue on to the next step. In this way, the GO command can be used as a no-operation command which simply causes the program to continue on without changing or destroying any values. '1I J •,. J ~, 0, ,, :: , j

TAPE CASSETTE Programs are saved on standard 4" x 2 1/2" x 1/2" magnetic tape cassettes for later use. Up to 20 blocks of programs can be saved on one tape cassette. The tape cassette consists of two tracks and each track can accommodate ten "program blocks." INSERTING TAPE CASSETTE 6-1

I R'I.'''' II 'OfI"ASIb I I<••,n RlAbyII l\£M'm I 0000 ---- 0000 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 0 G B There are four basic buttons associated with the tape-drive mechanism. I. The RELEASE button allows the operator to remove or insert his tape cassette. 2. The FORWARD button moves the tape in a forward direction when depressed. 3. The TAPE-READY button should be pushed when the 700 is to execute a tape instruction. This button places the head of the tape readcr in contact with the tape. 4. The REWIND button rewinds the tape when depressed. MACHINE ERROR INDICATOR A MACHINE ERROR INDICATOR is located just to the right of the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR. If data is not transferred properly from or to the tape, the light will go on and the sign of the X register flashes. This indicates that the information has not been transferred properly and the operation should be repeated. This flashing light should NOT be confused with the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR located just to its left (See page 2-8). PRIME will turn both error indicators off. 6·2

There is no need to "erase" the tape. A new program will simply write over the old program. To insure that a good program stored on tape is not written over or lost accidently. each track of tape can be protected. TAPE PROTECfOR FOR SIDE I REMOVAL OF PLASTIC INSERT PROTEC.'S SIDE I OF THE TAPE. TAPE PROTECTOR FOR SIDE 2 REMOVAL OF PLASTIC INSERT'~~~ PROTECTS SIDE 2 OF THE TAPE. Figure I Figure I shows a top-view of the tape cassette. There are two small openings with a small plastic covering shown in Figure 1. When this small plastic covering is removed, nothing can be recorded onto or erased from one side of the tape. Once the plastic is removed, a piece of tape can be used to cover the opening if the tape is to be used for recording other programs. WHAT IS A PROGRAM BLOCK? A program block consists of any part of a program (Up to 960 steps) which can be loaded into core at one time. It must be terminated by an END PROGRAM instruction. If an END PROGRAM instruction is not given and the RECORD PROGRAM key is indexed, the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR will go on after transferring all of core to the tape. In this instance, the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR goes on because there is an error in programming (Le., no END PROGRAM) and not a machine malfunction. A program block must contain: 1. 960 program steps or less. 2.An END PROGRAM as a final instruction. NOTE If a program is 960 sleps, Ihe END PROGRAM is located at step 959. Even though the END PROGRAM command is not missing. the PROGRAM ERROR iNDiCA TOR will go on when this program is transferred to tape. if this is the case (i.e., a 960 step program), simply PRIME and ignore the PROGRAM ERROR iNDiCATOR. 6-3

RECORD PROGRAM or LOAD PROGRAM operation. An END PROGRAM command is the last instruction to be transferred in a RECORD PROGRAM or LOAD PROGRAM instruction. Therefore, each program must be terminated by an END PROGRAM command if it is to be transferred onto tape. It is recommended that only one END PROGRAM instruction be loaded into core at any one time. The primary reason for this is due to the VERIFY PROGRAM instruction. When the VERIFY PROGRAM key is indexed, the 700 always starts summing at step 000 and continues until an END PROGRAM instruction is encountered. Therefore, if additional programming instructions are located after the END PROGRAM, they will not be included in the sum generated by the VERIFY PROGRAM instruction. Therefore, when adding additional programming steps, write over the END PROGRAM instruction. This can be accomplished quite easily if it is remembered that the PC is set to the step that the END PROGRAM instruction occupies after a VERIFY PROGRAM has been executed. Therefore, after indexing VERIFY PROGRAM, simply index LOAD PROGRAM to load the additional steps or switch to LEARN MODE and start indexing them. Always remember to end your program with an END PROGRAM instruction. This instruction is required for transferring the program from corc to tape. NOTE An END PROGRAM command must not be preceded by a program code whose high-order digit is 04. Logically, an instruction whose program code is 04XX would never precede an END PROGRAM command. (See code listing page 3-1.) One instance which might occur is the following: PROGRAM ••• MARK 0402 ••• SEARCH 0402 ENDPROG If the above program were loaded in core, the program would execute properly. However, if the program were to be transferred from core to tape the END PROGRAM instruction would not be recognized as an "END PROGRAM" command. All of core would be transferred to tape and the PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR would be turned on indicating there was no END PROGRAM terminating the program block. 6-4

A program is recorded into core by the following: I ..Place the 700 in LEARN MODE. 2. SET PC at the desired step where the first program command will be stored. 3. Index the program commands. Remember to always end your program with an END PROGRAM instruction. This instruction is required for transferring the program from core to tape. EXAMPLE Program to find C: C ~ .ja' + b' (Pythagorean Theorem) i' STEP KEY CODE 000 MARK 0408 Key a l' 001 a 0700 SEARCH a • 002 x' 0713 Key b GO "~ 003 t 0604 Read c in X ',' ',c. 004 STOP 0515 , 005 x' 0713 •· 006 + 0600 . j •• 007 0605 '- 008 VX 0612 009 STOP 0515 010 END PROGRAM 0512 The following instructions will introduce the above program into core: 1. Place 700 in LEARN MODE. 2. SET PC to the step you want the first program command to occupy. (To put the first program command at Step 000, SET PC 0 0 0.) NOTE An easy way to set the PC at 000 is by depressing the PRIME key. 6·5 ...

MARK o x' t STOP x' + Ivx STOP END PROGRAM Notice while the program is introduced into core the PC displays the program skI' number and program code currently located at this step. Indexing a key causes the progr;1I11 code of the keystroke to replace the existent code. The PC is increased by one and displ"y·. the next step and current code. To see what is now loaded into core beginning at step OUII. PRIME and step through your program. KEYSTROKE PRIME STEP STEP 000 001 002 READ IN X 04 07 07 08 00 13 The above indicates that MARK is now stored at Step 000, 0 at Step 001, x2 at OU'.I To execute the program, place the 700 in RUN MODE Key a = 3 SEARCH 0 Key b= 4 GO Read c = 5 in X By stepping through the program in RUN MODE, each step will be executed Olll' ski' .1 time. In LEARN MODE the program is not executed. While stepping through th" I"· ..·' . in RUN MODE, one can see the step number and program code of the instructiol1 :Ii,,·,,' . be executed if the 700 is placed in LEARN MODE. Simply remember to put the' ilill 1 in RUN MODE before indexing the STEP key; otherwise, the instruction will 11 .. 1 executed. HOW TO TRANSFER A PROGRAM FROM CORE TO TAPE RECORD PROGRAM A program can be stored for later use on a magnetic tape. To transfer a program from core to tape: I. Place 700 in RUN MODE. 2. Insert the Tape cassette; push TAPE READY button. 6·6

(For the above example simply depress PRIME key.) 4. Index RECORD PROGRAM key, and all the steps from where the PC is set up to and including END PROGRAM will be loaded onto the tape. (For this example, Steps 000 to 010 are transferred to tape.) NOTE RECORDING DATA Pairs of data storage registers can be recorded on magnetic lape for later use. See diagram (page 3-4). To transfer data from core to tape: (J) Place700RUNMODE (2) Insert Cassette, push TAPE READY (3) SET PC to program step number corresponding to the data registers. An END PR OGRAM command must be located immediately following the data. (4) RECORD PROG The same procedure to load the data in any pair of registers is used, except LOAD PROG replaces RECORD PROG in step (4). HOW TO LOAD A PROGRAM FROM TAPE INTO CORE The LOAD PROGRAM key transfers a program block on magnetic tape to core. The procedure is to set the PC and index the LOAD PROGRAM key. The first program command located on the tape is then stored in the step designated by the PC and the program continues loading until an END PROGRAM instruction is encountered. The END PROGRAM instruction is the last step to be loaded into core. When the loading is termi- nated, the PC is automatically set to the first step just loaded into core. In general, four steps are required for loading a program: 1. Place 700 in RUN MODE. 2. Insert Tape Cassette, push TAPE READY button. 3. SET PC to first step in core that program will occupy. 4. Index LOAD PROGRAM. Since ten program blocks can be saved on one side of a tape cassette, what happens if the third block is desired? If the third block is to be loaded beginning at Step 000: 1. Place 700 in RUN MODE. 2. Insert tape cartridge, REWIND tape completely, push TAPE READY button. 3. PRIME (Sets PC to Step 000). 4. Index LOAD PROGRAM (loads Ist block and sets PC to 000). LOAD PROGRAM (loads 2nd block and sets PC to 000). LOAD PROGRAM (loads 3rd block and sets PC to 000). The third block on the tape is nOw loaded into core and is ready to be executed. Normally, the sequence of steps to follow in loading the nth block of the tape into core I' (0 index the LOAD PROGRAM key "n" .times. As a final check, the VERIFY PROGRAM 6·7

BYPASSING PROGRAM BLOCKS , ;.;, J 1 '4 1 1 " •IJ The correct step + DIR is now located at Step 023. In a similar way, any step in core can be directly assessed using the SET PC key and the correct step keyed in. The fourth block of tape is now stored in core and only registers 000 and 00 I have been altered. Section VI Programming Techniques In some instances, loading the preliminary program blocks on a tape will destroy parts of core which must be saved. The problem arises as to how to bypass a program block without loading it into core and destroying data which will be needed for later calculations. If the PC is set to 944 and the LOAD PROGRAM key indexed, the program will only load into Steps 944 to 959. If the program is greater than 16 steps, it will continue loading within those steps (944 to 959). In other words, when a program exceeds Step 959 in core, the remaining part of the program is simply loaded over itself in the first two data registers 000 and OOL The PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR will go on when this occurs. Therefore, by destroying only the contents of Registers 000 and 001, the first three blocks of tape can be bypassed. L Load tape and place 700 in RUN MODE: 2. SET PC 9 4 4. 3. LOAD PROGRAM (bypasses Ist block) LOAD PROGRAM (bypasses 2nd block) LOAD PROGRAM (bypasses 3rd block). 4. PRIME (to turn off PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR). 5. SET PC to first step that the desired program will occupy. NOTE If the program is to be loaded beginning at Step 000. PRIME will have already set the PC to 000. key can be indexed and the verify program number checked to be completely sure the correct program is loaded. The VERIFY PROGRAM key starts summing from Step 000 until it encounters an END PROGRAM instruction. It is quite easy to correct any part of a 700 program. Suppose the following program to accumulate the sum Lx in Register 28 and Lx' in Register 29 is loaded into core as shown. STEP KEY CODE Notice at Step 023 the - DIR key has 020 MARK 0408 been entered by mistake. Correcting 021 I 0701 this error requires three steps: 022 STOP 05J5 1. Place 700 in LEARN MODE. 023 - DlR 0401 7. Set PC at step to be corrected: 024 REG 28 0708 SET PC 0 2 3 025 x' 0713 3. Index correct-key: 026 + DlR 0400 027 REG 29 0209 028 SEARCH 0407 029 I 0701 030 END PROGRAM 0512

Suppose a 400 step program has been introduced into core and three steps which occur in the middle of the program have been omitted. These steps can be inserted without having to key in the entire program again. Using the same program as on the previous page, suppose the two steps I + should appear between Steps 021 and 022 to indicate which x is about to be entered. The procedure for inserting the steps is as follows: 1. Insert a tape cartridge. REWIND tape completely, and push TAPE B-EADY. 2. SET PC 0 2 2 RECORD PROGRAM. (This instruction saves the second half of the program, Steps 022 to 030, by transferring these steps to tape. The PC is set to Step 022 when the instruction is completed.) 3. Be sure 700 is in LEARN MODE and index the steps to be inserted: 1 (Loaded at Step 022, PC increases to 023.) + (Loaded at Step 023, PC increases to 024.) (Notice that the added steps are loaded into core at the proper place because the PC is set to the first instruction transferred to tape by the RECORD PROGRAM instruction.) 4. Put 700 in RUN MODE, REWIND tape, and push TAPE READY. 5. LOAD PROGRAM (The steps saved on the tape are now loaded into core beginning at Step 024.) The extra steps have been inserted and the program is ready to be executed. The program appears in core as illustrated: STEP KEY CODE 020 MARK 0408 021 1 0701 0)2 1 0701 023 + 0600 0)4 STOP 0515 025 +DlR 0400 026 REG 28 0208 027 x' 0713 028 + DlR 0400 029 REG 29 0209 030 SEARCH 0407 031 1 0701 032 END PROGRAM 0512 PROGRAMMING TECHNIOUES USING TAPE CASSETTE An interesting feature of the LOAD PROGRAM key is that it is programmable. This allows different parts of a program to use the same place in memory at different times. When a LOAD PROGRAM instruction is encountered in a program, the next program block is loaded into core beginning at the step immediately following the LOAD PROGRAM command. Immediately after the END PROGRAM instruction is loaded, control switches to the first instruction loaded and the program is executed. To take advantage of this command a loop has to be formed. An example illustrates this idea. 6·9

PROGRAM ON TAPE Step # 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 COMMAND MARK a LOAD PROG END PROG 2 t + I ST DIR REG 00 SEARCH a ENDPROG 3 t + I + DIR REG 00 STOP ENDPROG This program will illustrate how to use the LOAD PROGRAM instruction in programming and also points out the importance and need for the END PROGRAM instruction. The program consists of three parts or blocks. The first part is loaded into core and consists of four instructions. The program is started by a SEARCH 0 from the keyboard. The LOAD PROGRAM is the first instruction. The 700 immediately starts loading the next program block into core. After the LOAD PROGRAM instruction is executed, core will look like the following: STEP COMMAND 000 MARK 001 0 002 LOAD PROG 003 2 004 t 005 + 006 j 007 STDIR 008 REG 00 6·10

then encounters a SEARCH O. Control switches back to MARK 0 and the LOAD PROGRAM instruction is encountered causing the next block to be loaded in replacing the last block. Notice the END PROGRAM instruction was never used in executing the program: however, it was needed when the LOAD PROGRAM instruction was first executed. If an END PROGRAM command had not been located after the SEARCH 0 command, the 700 would have continued to load programming steps into core. The END PROGRAM instruction tells it where to stop. STEP 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 COMMAND MARK o LOADPROG 3 t + • +DlR REG 00 STOP ENDPROG The program adds 3 + 3 and adds the sum to Register 000 and stops. The program is only used to demonstrate how to program the LOAD PROGRAM instruction. This technique of a LOAD PROGRAM within a program should only be used in long programs which require many program steps and data registers. A valid example might be in a multiple regression analysis where registers are needed for storing sums. In addition, a program for generating the sums and solving simultaneous equations is needed. Therefore, the first program block could initialize all registers and generate the numerous sums needed. When the routine was finished, the second block to solve the simultaneous equations and find the coefficients could be called and loaded into the same part of memory that the first block occupied. In this way, memory can be shared and utilized to its fullest extent. CREATING A MULTI-BLOCK TAPE The idea of sharing core storage presents the problem of creating a multi-block tape. The simplest way to explain this procedure is by creating the 3-block program. 6-11

A. Key the first program block into care. I. Set LEARN mode 2. PRIME (more generally SET PC to location of first program step) 3. MARK o LOAD PROG END PROG. B. Transfer this block to tape I. Insert tape cassette, REWIND 2. Set TAPE READY 3. PRIME (or SET PC to first step) 4. RECORD PROG II. To create the second block: A. Key second program block into core I. PRIME (or SET PC to first step) 2. 2 t + I ST DIRECT 00 SEARCH o END PROG B. Transfer this block to tape 1. PRIME (or SET PC to first step) 2. RECORD PROG III. To create the third block: A. Key third program block into core I. PRIME (or SET PC to first step) 2. 3t + I+ DIR 00 (Toggles down) STOP END PROG B. Transfer block to tape I. PRIME (or SET PC to first step) 2. RECORD PROG 6-12

Section VI Programming Techniques PRIME REWIND the tape to beginning Set TAPE READY LOADPROG SEARCH 0 To run the program: \. 2. 3. 4. 5. The tape is not moved manually while creating the multi-block tape. If an entirely unrelated program were to be added to this tape as the fourth block, initializing the tape would consist of bypassing the first three program block as discussed in Section VI, page 6-8. EXAMPLE Suppose a program for calculating the t-test for paired variates were located in core from step 100 to 155 and it is to be recorded as the fourth block on the multi-block tape just created. \. Insert tape cassette, REWIND 2. Set TAPE READY 3. Set RUN mode 4. SET PC 9 4 4 5. LOAD PROG (bypasses first three program blocks) LOADPROG LOADPROG 6. PRIME (to turn PROGRAM ERROR INDICATOR off) 7. SET PC 1 0 0 8. RECORD PROG The program will stop with a 6 in X and Y. To recall the sum, RECALL DIRECT 00 and 10 will appear in X.

SECTION VII ADDITIONAL COMMANDS NOT FOUND ON THE 700 KEYBOARD PAUSE COMMAND One remaining function not previously discussed is the 700 pause command. WRITE A PAUSE The WANG 700 has a pause command which allows the user to display the X and Y Registers for.5 seconds at any predetermined point within a program. The command is a two-step instruction. Since it should only be used within a program, it has not been assigned a regular key on the 700 keyboard. The two-step command is: WRITE A followed by the code 0615 which corresponds to the I/x key. The following program will count from 0 to 10 displaying each integer in Y for .5 seconds. KEY MARK o I + WRITE A I/x I o SKIP IF Y = X SEARCH o STOP CODE 0408 0700 0701 0600 0412} 0615 0701 0700 0509 0407 0700 0515 COMMENT OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS SEARCH 0 2-Step command causes.5 second pause Multiple PAUSE commands can be used if a longer pause is required. Simply repeat the two-step command for each half second pause. The pause command is only operational under programming mode. It cannot be used to cause a stop or pause in a program that is executing. If a program is executing and the user desires to stop it at any point, simply index the STEP key and the program will stop instantly (See Section II, page 2-3 ) . 7· ,

RECALLY DATA REGISTER STOREY DATA REGISTER 7-2 The program codes 0414 and 0415 must be entered by using the toggle switches and special [unction keys. Section VII Additional Commands Stores the number in Y into the data register designated by the next key- stroke. Y unchanged, X unchanged. Recalls to Y the number from the rcgister designated by the next key- stroke. Designated register unchanged, X unchanged. Since the results of the arithmetic operations using X and Yare placed in Y. the STORE Y command saves the program step (, ) of moving the number down into the X-Register when the result is to be saved. NOTE ~¥o~~ 100 101 1021031041051061071081091'0 1'1 1121131\j.~~!ijl'51 It is possible to transfer data directly to and from the Y-Rcgister and any of thc 122 data storage registers. The two-step command is similar to the RECALL DIRECT and STORE DIRECT commands except that the V-Register is used in the data transfer rather than the X-Register. The first instruction specifies whether to store or recall, the second instmction designates the internal data register. In addition to the various commands found on the 700 keyboard, there are several powerful commands which have not been assigned special keys on the Wang 700. These commands arc used primarily in programming applications. One of these commands, PAUSE, was discussed above. These special programming commands can be divided into three basic categories: 1. Storage commands 2. Decision commands 3. Shifting commands STORAGE COMMANDS (DIRECT ACCESS TO AND FROM THE V-REGISTER) ogoo 80402010 DECISIONS In addition to the four decisions available from the keyboard (See Section V, page 5-J), there 'Ire eight other conditions which can be tested. These commands require two instructions. They are each preceded by a WRITE ALPHA command and use an existing key on the 700 keyboard for the second half of the command. They are listed as follows. They test for a positive, negative, zero, and non-zero value in the X and Y Registers.

WRITE ALPHA CHANGE SIGN WRITE ALPHA LOG,X Skips next 2 instructions if X is negative Skips next 2 instructions if X is positive Skips next 2 instructions if X is not zero Skips next 2 instructions if X is zero Y-REGISTER WRITE ALPHA SKIP IF ERROR WRITE ALPHA GROUP II WRITE ALPHA RETURN WRITE ALPHA WRITE Skips next 2 instructions if Y is negative Skips next 2 instructions if Y is positive Skips next 2 instructions if Y is not zero Skips next 2 instructions if Y is zero If the condition is met, the next 2 programming instructions are skipped. If the condition is not met, the program continues with the next step. EXAMPLE: The following program calculates 2" and illustrates the two-step command WRITE ALPHA, WRITE which checks for Y equal to zero. RECALLS ANSWER TOX OPERATING PROCEDURE Key N; SEARCH 0 Read 2N in X REDIR REG 00 STOP 017 018 019 2 Step Command SKIP IF ¥ = X Exits When ¥= 0 Initializes Register Inner Loop Calculates 2N WRITE A WRITE SEARCH 0800 MARK (:) t I N in Y STORE DIR REG 00 MARK 0800 2 XDIR REG 00 I 000 001 002 003 004 005 ~----<~006 007 008 009 010 011 ! 012 013 014 015 016 7-3

Divides X by 102 Divides X by 10I Divides X by 103 Divides X by 105 Divides X by 106 Multiplies X by 103 Multiplies X by 10 I Multiplies X by 102 Multiplies X by 104 Multiplies X by 105 Multiplies X by 106 Multiplies X by 107 Multiplies X by 108 Multiplies X by 109 Multiplies X by 10'0 WRITE ALPHA I WRITE ALPHA 2 WRITE ALPHA 3 WRITE ALPHA 4 WRITE ALPHA 5 WRITE ALPHA 6 WRITE ALPHA 7 WRITE ALPHA 8 WRITE ALPHA 9 WRITE ALPHA o WRITE ALPHA - DIRECT WRITE ALPHA X DIRECT WRITE ALPHA ';-DIRECT WRITE ALPHA STORE DIRECT WRITE ALPHA RECALL DIRECT WRITE ALPHA EXCHANGE DIRECT Section VII Additional Commands The following two-step commands give the user an easy way to shift the decimal point of the X-Register from I to 10 places, left Or right. The first group shifts the decimal point n-places to the right and effectively multiplies the X-Register by 10". The second group shifts the decimal point n-places to the left and effectively divides the X-Register by 10".

7 Divides X by lOS Divides X by 109 Divides X by 1010 EXAMPLE If X contains 12.3456781245 and the command WRITE ALPHA 3 is given X will then contain 12345.6781245. If the command WRITE ALPHA SEARCH is given, X will contain .123456781245-02 These commands are extremely nseful in applications where sealing of input and/or output must be accomplished. 7-5

SECTION VIII TRIGONOMETRIC AND STATISTICAL PACKAGE PROGRAMS THE TRIG PACK The TRIG PACK 011 the WANG 700 consists of the following 16 trigonometric functions: SPECIAL OPERATION TRIG FUNCTION INPUT RANGE KEY 00 DEGREES TO RADIANS Ixl < 10'9 01 RADIANS TO DEGREES Ixl < 10 98 02 SINE X Ixl < 1099 • 03 COSINE X Ix I < 1099 04 TANGENT X Ixl< 1099 05 SIN-l X Ix I ,;;; I 06 COS- l X Ixl';;; I 07 TAN-l X Ix I< 1099 08 A'O POLAR Ixl < 10 50 ; Iyl < 10S0 , *0 09 TO RECTANGULAR 0,;;; R < 1099 lei < 10" 10 SINHX Ixl < 227.9 I 1 COSHX Ixl<227.9 12 TANHX Ix 1< 227.9 13 SINW l X ._ 107 < X < 1050 14 COSW l X Ix I ;;;, I 15 TANW l X Ix 1< 1 These functions are loaded into core memory from a tape cassette which is provided with the machine. The standard TRIG PACK consists of 384 program steps (or 48 Data Registers). NOTE The TRIG PACK also uses five data regislers:700A are 000, 001, 002, 120 and 121, 700B are 000, 001, 002, 003 and 120 registers. Care should be taken in using these registers - information stored in these five registers would be lost after all execution of one of the trig functiolls. B·'

for Data Storage Used for TRIG PACK Programs Steps or Registers available for the user 000 001 002 I'-.L--.L...---"_"---.L--.L...---"-j 069 070 Ir-y--y-r-:r-:r-:r-:r--I J 18 I I 9 I"--r---r-r'--,"--r---r-r'-l 170 tL--:,L--,,L--,,L--,,L--,,L--,,L--,,L-f 17 I L<:-...L---< ~...L----L:.----"~'---' SPEED AND ACCURACY Thc spccd for cach function varies. In the worst case, it is no longer than 250 milliseconds. Accuracy is 10 significant digits. FIGURE I CORE MEMORY USAGE BY THE TRIG PACK TO LOAD THE TRIG PACKAGE Like any other tape-to-core operation, the TRIG PACK is loaded as follows: I. Insert trig-tape, REWIND 7. Set RUN 3. Set TAPE READY 4. PRIME, LOAD PROGRAM 8-2 By following these steps, the TRIG PACK is loaded into core starting at Step 000 and utilizes core as indicated in Figure 1. It is recommended that the TRIG PACK always be loaded starting at Step 000. In addition to the TRIG PACK, most users will want to load their own programs into core. In order not to erase any of the TRIG PACK, other programs should be introduced into core beyond the TRIG PACK. The VERIFY PROGRAM key allows us to bypass the TRIG PACK quite easily. After depressing the VERIFY PROGRAM key, the PC is set to the step the END PROGRAM instruction occupies. Since it is advisable to have only one END PROGRAM instruction in core at anyone time, additional programs should start at this stcp where the END PROGRAM instruction is located. The Y-Register is always preserved and remains unchanged except in the POLAR and RECTANGULAR conversions. When the entire TRIG PACK is loaded into core, core storage for the 700A is as follows: Section VIII Trig and Stat Programs

TWO CASES exist: 1. Indexing additional programming steps from the keyboard. 2. Loading another program into core from another tape. In each case the procedure is basically the same. CASE 1: Adding Steps from the Keyboard. 1. After loading the TRIG PACK, place 700 in LEARN MODE 2. VERIFY PROGRAM. 3. Key program steps desired. The first step indexed, most likely a MARK, will replace the END PROGRAM command of the TRIG PACK. Therefore, after completing your own program, an END PROGRAM command has to be given. This will complete a new block consisting of the TRIG PACK plus your own program. The VERIFY PROGRAM number will then total the codes of the TRIG PACK and your own program. CASE 2: Loading Another Program into Core from Tape I. After loading the TRIG PACK, insert TAPE CASSETTE which has desired program. 2. Leave 700 in RUN MODE, Set TAPE READY 3. VERIFY PROGRAM (bypasses TRIG PACK). 4. LOAD PROGRAM. The program will be loaded into core directly following the TRIG PACK. USING THE TRIG PACKAGE The TRIG PACK consists of 16 subroutines which can be addressed from the keyboard or under program control (See page 8-6). KEYBOARD USE: BE SURE THE TOGGLE SWITCHES ARE IN THE OFF (DOWN) POSITION WHEN ADDRESSING THE TRIG FUNCTIONS FROM THE KEYBOARD. 0000 1·1" 1·1·1·1·1·1·1·1·1 .. 1" I" I" 1" I" I • • , " ..... 0 0000'_ ...0 .... ,", ". r_'" "',,-: = .. aN'; ~O ""CoR TOR«T .~, _. ,-, ..""-: -: ,.........: 0 '00__ TO ".0.... • DODD o 0 8-3

Section VIII Trig and Stat Programs PROGRAM USE It should be clear that the TRIG PACK is using the special function keys to address the first 16 subroutine codes discussed in Section IV, page 4-5. For instance, the SINE routine is prefixed by a MARK 0002 and terminated by a RETURN command. If the subroutine is addressed within a program, the RETURN command transfers control back to the main program. If the subroutine is addressed from the keyboard, control is transferred back to the keyboard. The following shows a user's program utilizing the SINE and COSINE routines. EXAMPLE: Find Y = 2 sinO cosO KEY CODE MARK 0408 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 0 0700 Key 0 in Degrees + 0604 STORES 0 in Y SEARCH 0 SINX 0002 FINDS SINE 0 Read 7 cosO sin 0 in Y t 0606 SINE 0 in Y 0 in X COSX 0003 FINDS COS 0 X 0602 Y - sinO cos 0 ? 0702 X 0602 Y - 2 sine cos e STOP 0515 The program makes use of the fact that the Y-Register is preserved by storing 0 in Y and then the SIN e in Y. DESIGN OF THE TRIG PACKAGE The TRIG PACK has been designed to give the user greater f1exibiIity. Since the TRIG PACK resides in core memory and is not a "hardware" feature, certain functions which are not used often can be easily deleted. For example, a user may only need SINX. COSX. and TAN" X for his calculations. By setting the PC to thc step number following these functions, the rest of the TRIG PACK can be deleted and more core storage for other programs and data storage can be gained. 8·4 ""

STATISTICAL PACKAGE PROGRAM In the same way, statistical users will load into core the STATISTICS PACK ralh,'I' tll:111 the TRIG PACK. The STATISTICS PACK will consist of the following functions and will be' loaded into core in the same way as the TRIG PACK. FUNCTION Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation (ungrouped) Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation (grouped) Normal Distribution Inverse Normal Distribution X2 Statistic X2 Distribution Error Function Binomial Distribution N' Linear Regression Gamma Function Negative Binomial Distribution Poisson Distribution Random Number Generator 8-5 KEY 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13

ASSIGNMENT OF SPECIAL OPERATION KEYS FOR A USER'S OWN SUBROUTINES The concept of a subroutine was discussed briefly in Section IV, page 4-5. Sixty-four codes are reserved for subroutines on the WANG 700. A subroutine is addressed by a single keystroke or a single program step. It is prefixed by a MARK XXXX chosen from the 64 reserved codes and terminated by a RETURN command. The TRIG and STATISTICS packages use the first 16 subroutine codes listed on page 4-5, and are easily addressed by the SPECIAL FUNCTION keys when the Toggle Switches are all in the OFF (DOWN) position. If Toggle Switch 10 were placed in the ON (UP) position, indexing the 03 key would cause the 700 to look through core for the subroutine beginning with MARK 0103. Remember there are 64 codes which can be used as subroutines - not merely 16. The SPECIAL FUNCTION keys can be used to address the user's own custom-made functions rather than those found in the TRIG and STATISTICS PACKS. Any subroutine which requires only one piece of input data can be addressed by any of the SPECIAL FUNCTION keys. While in LEARN MODE, the user simply presses MARK followed by one of the SPECIAL FUNCTION keys. This will set the MARK flag in core for direct access to the assigned routine. At the end of the subroutine a RETURN is given. For example, assigning 12 to y = 7fr' KEY CODE MARK 0408 12 0012 x' 0713 t 0604 7f 0609 x 0602 RETURN 0511 To call for this function simply index r into X, and press 12. The answer will be given in Y. The subroutine can also be addressed under program control in the same way as the TRIG functions. In this way the user may assign and label any of his own functions to the special operation keys. 8·6

NUMBERS +, - , x, + PROGRAMMED BY PROGRAM ABSTRACT C, M. TANG x, and + complex numbers DATE +, - , SEPTEMBER, 1969 BLOCKS NO. OF STEPS NO, NO. OF STEPS DATA REGISTERS MARK USED 08' , VERIFY NUMBER 08' 000, 005 0201, 0600, 0601, 636 0603, 0602 SET P.C. i 000 TO "LEARN" PROGRAM TO RECORD PROGRAM TO LOAD PROGRAM Ikeyboard to core) (core to tape) (tape to core) 1. Set LEARN mode. 1. Insert tape cartridge. 1. Set RUN mode. 2. SET PC to desired step. REWI N 0 if necessary. 2. Insert tape cartridge. 3. Index keys in program. 2. Set TAPE READY. REWIND if necessary. 4. Index END PROGRAM as last step 3. SET PC to first step of program. 3. Set TAPE READY. in program. 4. Index RECORD PROGRAM. 4. SET PC to desired step numbec". 5. Index LOAD PROGRAM. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: This program can perform simple +, -, x, and .;. as well as chain operations. This is because the answer of the previous operation is saved, the real part in storage 001 and imaginary part in storage 000. \\'hen reading the answer, the real part is in Y register and imaginary part in X register. Same formula is used for entering the complex numbers. OPERATING PROCEDURE: EXAMPLE: L PRIME; VERIFY PROGRAM L PRIME; VERIFY PROGRAM 2, Index first number, real part 2, ~!§..;CHSIGN in y and imaginary part in x Set the Toggle Switches to 20 , Set the Toggle Switches to 20 , Key 01 Key 01 3, Index second number the same way 3, 4H ., SEARCH + if addition 4 . SEARCH +- - if subtraction - ~ if multiplication + if division - 5, Read answer 5, Read If (2 - 5il + (4 + 3i) y +6.00000000000 X -2.00000000000 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 836 NORTH STREET. TEWI<;SBURY. MASSACHUSETTS 01876 700·0243 10·69 9,1 LABORATORIES, INC. Sectio/7 IX Sample Programs SECTION IX SAMPLE PROGRAMS Printed;n U.S.A. -0 WANG 700

Section IX Sample Programs I --------·~-------------------.-------., PROGRAM TITLE NUMBER 1004A!MA6 PAGE 2 \----- -------.--------------~l-'::::::--=----___t If (2 - 5i) - (4 + 3i) If (2 - 5i) x (4 + 3i) (2 - 5i) If (4 + 3i) For chain operations repeat steps 3, 4, and 5 EXAMPLE, 4. SEARCH- 5. Read Y -2.0000000000 X -8.0000000000 4. SEARCH x 5. Read Y +23.0000000000 X -14.0000000000 4. SEARCH + 5. Read Y -.280000000000 X -1.04000000000 .[(1 + 2i) (3 + 4i)] + (6 - 9i) 3 + 4i 2. !.t 2; Key 0201 3. 3 !4; SEARCH" 4 k 5. Read Y -5.00000000000 X +10.0000000000 3. Key 0201 6 t 9 ; CH SIGN --- 4. SEARCH + 5. Read Y +1. 00000000000 X +1. 00000000000 3. Key 0201 31 4 4. SEARCH + 5. Read Y +.280000000000 X -.400000000000-01 -9WANG LABORATORIES, INC. 136 HORTH ST., TEWKSBUIlY, MASS. 01115, TEL. (117)151-1'11 9-2

Page 1 of 2 NO 1004A/MA6 . Step Key Code. Comment 040 + OIR 0403 1 eo 2 RE DIR 0405 3 REG 03 0003 4 MARK 0408 5 x 0602 6 ST DIR 0404 7 REG 003 0003 8 RE DIR 0405 9 REG 00 0000 050 ST DIR 0404 1 REG 04 0004 2 t 0605 3 X DIR 0402 4 REG 00 0000 5 RE DIR 0405 6 REG 01 0001 7 ST DIR 0404 8 REG 02 0002 9 -lr 0605 060 X DIR 0402 1 REG 01 0001 2 RE DIR 0405 3 REG 03 0003 4 -t- 0604 5 X DIR 0402 6 REG 04 0004 7 RE DIR 0405 8 REG 04 0004 9 - DIR 0401 070 REG 01 0001 1 RE DIR 0405 2 REG 01 0001 3 1<1') 0606 4 X DI 0402 5 REG 002 0002 6 RE DIR 0405 7 REG 02 0002 8 + DIR 0400 9 REG 00 0000 . Step Key Code Comment 000 MARK 0408 1 0201 0201 2 ST DIR 0404 3 REG 00 0000 4 STORE Y 0414 5 REG 01 0001 6 CLEAR X 0715 7 t- 0604 8 STOP 0515 9 MARK 0408 010 - 0601 1 CH SIGN 0711 2 ~" 0606 3 CR SIGN 07l! 4 \i."i 0606 5 MARK 0408 6 + 0600 7 + DIR 0400 8 REG 00 0000 9 RE DIR 0405 02 0 REG 01 0001 1 + 0600 2 RE DIR 0405 3 REG 00 0000 4 STOP 0515 5 MARK 0408 6 T 0603 7 CR SIGN 07l! 8 ST DIR 0404 9 REG 03 0003 03 0 x2 0713 1 ST DIR 0404 2 REG 05 0005 3 f 0605 4 x2 0713 5 + DIR 0400 6 REG 05 0005 7 RE DIR 0405 8 REG 05 0005 9 + 0603 700 PROGRAM TITlE· ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS "9 WANG 9-3

. Step Key Code Comment 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERSNO 1004A/MA6 p,.. 2 of 2 700 PROGRAM TITlE·. Step Key Code Comment 08 0 RE Dill 0405 1 REG 00 0000 2 RETURN 0511 3 END PROG 0512 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -9 WANG 9-4

SECTION X WARRANTY, SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE WARRANTY Wang electronic equipment is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and materials for 90 days from delivery to the original purchaser; parts only are warranted for one year, exclusive of labor. Readout tubes, transistors, and fuses are subject to the RETMA guarantee (substituted tubes should be returned to Wang Laboratories). This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties expressed or implied, except as specifically modified in writing by a document signed by an officer of WANG LABORATORIES, INC. Except for such a document, no representative or other person is authorized to represent or assume for WANG LABORATORIES, INC. any warranty liability beyond that set forth herein. Use limits and time between overhaul hours may be specified for mechanical and rotary elements of a Wang system. During the warranty period, Wang equipment is serviced free of charge except for occasional freight cost to and from a service center if equipment is located beyond a 75-mile radius. POST·WARRANTY SERVICE AVAILABILITY Wang Service Centers are located in many major cities throughout the world. It is a product service policy to restore the operation of a customer's unit within 24 hours of the service call. For remotely located users, equipment turnaround is normally within one day after arrival at the center. Spare parts, as well as circuit board repair capability are available at all service centers. ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CONTRACT An annual maintenance contract is available that consists of adjusting, replacing parts when required and keeping the equipment in first class operating condition. The contract includes all necessary service calls. It does not include repair necessitated by accident, fire, current fluctuations, abuse, or negligence. POST·WARRANTY SERVICE CALLS WITHOUT MAINTENANCE CONTRACT All service calls made to customers' facilities not having service contracts will be charged on an hourly basis point to point between the Wang Service Center and equipment location. Automobile charges per mile and material costs will also be included. 10·1

NOTE Users who attempt to repair Wang equipment, without receiving prior Wang equipment training, run the risk of causing further damage to their equipment. Also, and more important, internal equipment voltages are present that could cause severe electrical shock. IN·HOUSE MAINTENANCE CAPABILITY Wang Laboratories offers free product familiarization lessons for customers who desire to build up an in-house capability for maintaining their equipment. The customer, of course, is expected to defray the travel and living expenses of his service representative while in training at Wang Laboratories, Tewksbury, Massachusetts. 10-2

included here to give an example of a program using indirect addressing. TYPING CONVENTIONS FOR 700 PROGRAM LIBRARY Certain keyboard instructions have been abbreviated for typing convenience. The follow- ing is a listing of the keyboard instructions and their abbreviations. KEY + DIRECT - DIRECT X DIRECT "'" DIRECT STORE DIRECT RECALL DIRECT o DIRECT SEARCH MARK GROUP 1 GROUP 2 WRITE WRITE ALPHA END ALPHA STORE Y RECALL Y + INDIR - INDIR X INDIR "'" INDIR STORE INDIR RECALL INDIR CINDIR SKIP IF Y ;;. X SKIP IF Y < X SKIP IF Y = X SKIP IF ERROR RETURN ABBREVIATION + DIR - DIR XDIR "'" DIR ST DIR RE DlR EXDlR SEARCH MARK GROUP 1 GROUP 2 WRITE WRITE A END A STORE Y RECALL Y + INDlR -INDIR X INDIR "'" INDIR ST INDIR RE INDIR EX INDIR 0506 SKIP IF Y ;;. X SKIP IF Y < X SKIP IF Y = X SKIP ERROR RETURN A-1 CODE 0400 0401 0402 0403 0404 0405 0406 0407 0408 0409 0410 0411 0412 0413 0414 0415 0500 0501 0502 0503 0504 0505 0507 0508 0509 0510 0511

0610 LOGeX LOGeX 0611 Jx Jx 0612 lOX lOX 0613 eX eX 0614 Ijx Ijx 0615 0 0 0700 I I 0701 2 2 0702 3 3 0703 4 4 0704 5 5 0705 6 6 0706 7 7 0707 8 8 0708 9 9 0709 SETEXP SET EXP 0710 CHANGE SIGN CH SIGN 0711 • 0712 x2 x2 0713 RECALL RESIDUE RESIDUE 0714 CLEAR X CLEAR X 0715 NOTE For typing convenience the exchange keys, ::::DIRECT and8 INDIR, will be typed as EX DIR and EX INDIR. SKIP IF ERROR has been shortened to SKIP ERROR. In desjgnating the 120 data registers in the KEY column, the register numbers will be preceded by REG. A-2

ST DIR REG 58 A subroutine will be designated m the KEY column by a SR preceding the subroutine code. EXAMPLE To address a subroutine beginning with MARK 0303 the KEY column will appear as follows: SR 0303 A·3

Central Processing Unit 1-1 Change Sign 2-5 OearXl-l Coding 3~1 Core Memory 3-3, 3~6 Data Storage Registers 2-9 Decisions 5-1 Skip if Y = X 5-1 Skip if Y ~X 5-2 Skip if Y